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Fenugreek
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Ujjwala Kandekar, Sunil Ramdasi, Prasad Thakurdesai
In the more recent study, the fenugreek seed mucilage grafted to polyvinyl alcohol with acrylamide, free radical polymerization was reported as a controlled release polymer for 95% release of loaded drug Enalapril maleate for 16 h (Bal and Swain 2019). The graft copolymer was prepared by microwave synthesis and varying concentration of ammonium per-sulphate as redox initiator. The resultant graft was a stable and well-formed copolymer with prominent presence of amide and the hydroxyl groups indicating that a grafting mechanism had efficiently taken place. The optimized sample showed higher intrinsic viscosity owing to formation of long polymeric chains that led to higher swelling and delayed drug release (Bal and Swain 2019). Assessment of graft copolymer as a tissue-engineered scaffold using subcutaneous tissue implants of cotton balls to back skin of mice for 15 days revealed rapid reepithelization, complete wound healing, and good biodegradability without infection (Bal and Swain 2019).
Binders in Pharmaceutical Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Polyvinyl Alcohol is a well-established polymer in the pharmaceutical industry mainly due to its unique properties, such as excellent adhesive strength, film formation, and chemical stability (moisture and oxygen barrier properties). Its most widely used applications are tablet coating and wet granulation, but PVA also plays an important role in solubility enhancement, transdermal patches, and emulsions. This polymer is produced through the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate and typical pharmaceutical grades are partially hydrolyzed materials. PVA is available in a variety of viscosity grades and grades from 10 to 100 millipascal second (mPa.s) lend themselves for tablet granulation processes. PVA’s are water-soluble polymers. It is reported that they form softer granulations, which yield tablets that do not harden with age [9]. They can also be used in melt granulation applications. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer was also developed as a flexible, low viscosity, peroxide-free polymer for immediate release film-forming agent. Studies have found that this graft copolymer has the superior binding performance to HPMC while the performance was comparable to PVP [10].
What Are Polymeric Carriers?
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Gülderen Karakuş, Dolunay Şakar Daşdan
The simplest polymer types are homopolymers formed by condensation of monomers. This kind of homopolymer may be linear or a three-dimensional (spherical) structure. Generally, a linear polymer contains an alternative copolymer and block copolymer, but a random copolymer and graft copolymer are non-linear polymers. The average molecular weights should be known if the polymers are composed of linear molecules. The number of branches and the length of the branches are important if they are composed of non-linear characteristics.
Impregnation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grafts with BMP-2 loaded functional nanoparticles for reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Zeynep Karahaliloglu, Batur Ercan, Baki Hazer
PLinaS-g-PEG graft copolymer was synthesized by free radical polymerization of styrene. For that, 0.5 g of PLina, and 8.0 g of styrene were added to a flask, and pure argon was passed through the mixture at 95 °C for 5 h. The obtained polymer was dissolved in chloroform, and then precipitated by addition to a large amount of methanol. The precipitated polymer was dried in a vacuum oven at 40 °C until a constant weight was reached. The obtained PLinaS (1.05 g) and PEG1000NH2 (3.04 g) were mixed in a flask, dissolved in toluene, and subjected to the argon gas for 5 h. After the solvent evaporation step, polymer was precipitated by dropping the solution into methanol, and dried in a vacuum oven. To distract unreacted PEG-molecules, the gain polymer was immersed several times in distilled water, and dried under vacuum. For graft copolymer characterization, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR, Perkin-Elmer SpectrumOne, Nicolet 520, USA) with a spectral range of 500–4000 cm−1, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA; TGA/DSC-1, Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Giessen, Germany) were used.
Development and characterization of octreotide-modified curcumin plus docetaxel micelles for potential treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Quan An, Chen-Xiao Shi, Hao Guo, Shi-Min Xie, Ying-Ying Yang, Ying-Nan Liu, Zi-Hao Liu, Chang-Zheng Zhou, Feng-Ju Niu
Docetaxel is a taxoid antitumor agent used to treat several malignancies, including NSCLC (Chen et al. 2018). The antitumor mechanism of docetaxel is to suppress microtubular disassembly and prevent microtubular aggregation. Application of docetaxel as a free drug is limited because of its hydrophobicity and adverse effects such as hair loss, low blood cell counts, and vomiting. Micelles are promising drug carriers and can improve hydrophobic drug solubility. Polymeric micelles are formed from amphiphilic block polymers and can self-assemble in aqueous solution (Wang, Liu, Pu, et al. 2018; Rahdar et al. 2019). The graft copolymer, Soluplus (polyvinyl caprolactam polyvinyl acetate polyethylene glycol), is a newly developed double-affinity polymer compound with a low minimum micellar concentration (7.6 × 10−4% w/v), which enhances the solubility of some poorly water soluble drugs (Jin et al. 2015; Varela-Garcia et al. 2018).
Development of filaments for fused deposition modeling 3D printing with medical grade poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymers
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Tim Feuerbach, Sara Callau-Mendoza, Markus Thommes
In order for 3D printing to be viable for implant manufacturing or drug dosage preparation, it is necessary to utilize medical- and pharmaceutical-grade materials to make regulatory approval of the 3D printed product possible (FDA 2017). In FDM 3D printing, the materials deployed in the printing process must be in filament form. These filaments can be produced by hot-melt extrusion (Kleinebudde et al. 2017). The filaments need to have a specific and uniform diameter in order to be processable in the 3D printer (Valknaers et al. 2013) and to ensure a constant volumetric flow rate of material during the printing process. In addition to these geometric constraints, the extruded filaments must have sufficient mechanical strength, in order to be conveyable in the 3D printer without filament deformation or failure. While the manufacturing of filaments with different pharmaceutical grade polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide), methacrylic acid copolymer, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl alcohol)–poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymer, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, and poly(vinyl caprolactam)–poly(vinyl acetate)–poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymer by hot-melt extrusion has already been published (Melocchi et al. 2016), medical grade poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) copolymers have not been subject to filament production yet. Furthermore, no study investigating the influence of the material properties on a material’s suitability for use as filament material has been conducted.