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Examination of Pediatric Hand and Wrist
Published in Nirmal Raj Gopinathan, Clinical Orthopedic Examination of a Child, 2021
Mohsina Subair, Satyaswarup Tripathy, Ranjit Kumar Sahu
Instruments and materials required for a complete hand examination include:4Cotton and pin to assess soft touch and pain.Tuning fork to assess vibration (256 Hz).Goniometer to assess range of motions.Two-point discriminator/bent paper clip.Dynamometer.Hand-held Doppler.Materials such as a ball, bottle, card, and key to assess grasp and pinch.
Methods of Evaluation in Orthopaedic Animal Research
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
In vivo measurement of bone length or limb length is a challenge. Often, soft tissue landmarks are drawn on the skin and the distance between the marks are measured with a tape measure. A technique called kyniklometry has been reported for measuring the distance between soft tissue landmarks on the lower legs of conscious rabbits. It is comparable to X ray stereophotogrammetry.23 A specially designed goniometer has been reported for the measurement of joint angles in clinical practice.24 Limb circumference measurements are useful for monitoring the progress of a swollen limb, joint, or the growth of a limb. For the quantification of limb circumference, a tape measure is effective. Methods using an electronic digitizer and a mathematical formula for an ellipse (for fetal head and body circumferences) have also been reported.25
Pre-operative predictors of early mobility and knee motion in patients undergoing a total knee arthroplasty
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2022
Kathleen C. Madara, Moiyad Aljehani, Adam Marmon, Steven Dellose, James Rubano, Joseph Zeni
Age was recorded at each timepoint. Active knee range of motion (ROM) was measured for knee flexion and knee extension in supine. The tester measured the subject’s knee ROM using a standard long arm goniometer. The use of a goniometer for measuring knee range of motion has been validated and shown reliable and the device is routinely used in clinical practice [16]. Isometric quadriceps strength was measured using an electromechanical dynamometer (Biodex). Results were recorded in Newton-meters and were normalised to subject body weight (BW). Subjects were seated with approximately 80 degrees of hip flexion and exactly 75 degrees of knee flexion. A set of three isometric warm up kicks were performed before collecting data. After the warm-up subjects completed three kicks at 100% effort. The subject had 30 s of rest between each maximal isometric kick and the maximum torque was recorded for each trial. The trial with the greatest amount of torque produced was used for analysis.
Reliability and validity of smartphone applications to measure the spinal range of motion: A systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2021
Shibili Nuhmani, Moazzam Hussain Khan, Shaji J Kachanathu, Mohd Arshad Bari, Turki S Abualait, Qassim I Muaidi
A summary of participant characteristics and study methodologies are shown (Table 1). The majority of studies (eight) were conducted on healthy participants, whereas three involved participants with neck pain. Both male and female participants were included in all the selected studies. The most common smartphone device was the iPhone (n = 8). Various smartphone applications were used in studies, but the most frequently used application was the clinometer (n = 3). The most frequently investigated anatomical region was the cervical region (n = 7). All the seven studies which assessed the cervical ROM investigated cervical rotation, whereas six examined cervical flexion, extension and five examined lateral flexion. Three studies (flexion n = 3, extension n = 2, and lateral flexion n = 1) investigated the ROM in the lumbar region. Only one study (thoracic rotation, n = 1) examined the thoracic ROM. Various criterion instruments were used in different studies, including the universal goniometer, inclinometers and 3D motion analyzers etc. All these instruments were found reliable in previous studies.
No decrease of muscle strength, function and exercise found after reverse shoulder arthroplasty follow-up
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2021
Thea Morin Melås, Bård Bogen, Justin A. M. J. Van Leeuwen
The primary outcome measure was isometric strength measured with the MicroFET2 handheld dynamometer (Hoggan Scientific, Salt Lake City, UT). A make test was used and the patients were instructed to develop maximal force in a seated position within 5 s at 60° abduction and flexion. Flexion and abduction were chosen because the deltoid muscle serves as the primary muscle for movement in both flexion and abduction postoperatively [3]. A goniometer was used to determine joint angle. Handheld dynamometry as a measure of shoulder strength has shown to be valid [15] and reliable [16,17]. The minimal detectable change (MDC) has been suggested to be 13.1 N on the nondominant side and 11.7 N on the dominant side for abduction in healthy adults [16]. For flexion, a strength change of more than 15% in any position with humeral elevation can be considered meaningful [18]. Strength was tested at 60° to ensure the recruitment of the deltoid muscle during abduction, which reaches its maximal level of activation between 60 and 90° [19]. Handheld dynamometry as a measure of shoulder strength was used to perform three measurements for each movement in a standardised manner: The dynamometer was placed 4 cm proximal to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow to avoid any interference from elbow pain. The average score of the three attempts was used. Between each measurement, the patients were given a 1-min break. In addition, the strength of the operated and the nonoperated sides was compared.