China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Conclusions
Published in Melanie Latham, Jean V. McHale, The Regulation of Cosmetic Procedures, 2020
Melanie Latham, Jean V. McHale
Alongside issues associated with minors and with those lacking capacity, special considerations are also necessary in any statutory regulation of cosmetic procedures in relation to FGM. As we saw in Chapter 5, there is considerable controversy as to the interface between the current law – which regulates female genital mutilation – and female genital cosmetic surgery. Here we would endorse the recommendation of the House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee that the scope of the application of existing criminal law in this area should be clarified as a matter of urgency.48
Perineal trauma
Published in David M. Luesley, Mark D. Kilby, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2016
Classification of types of FGM procedures (WHO) is as follows: Type I. Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoridectomy);Type II. Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (excision);Type III. Narrowing of the vaginal orifice with creation of a covering seal by cutting and appositioning the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or without excision of the clitoris (infibulation).Type IV. All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterising.
Stress analysis of 3D trabecular patches: A computational study
Published in R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, Sónia M. Santos, João Manuel R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering IV, 2017
C.I.R.A. Maia dos Santos, M.C. Marques, J. Belinha, M.C. Manzanares Céspedes, Catherine Chaussain
The NNRPIM is a recently developed meshless method (Dinis et al., 2007). However, it has been extended to many fields of the computational mechanics, such as the static analysis of isotropic and orthotropic plates (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2008) and the functionally graded material plate analysis (Dinis, Jorge, & Belinha, 2010), the 3D shell-like approach (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2010b) for laminated plates and shells (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2010a). The dynamic analysis of several solid-mechanic problems was performed as well (Dinis, Jorge, & Belinha, 2009) (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2011c) (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2011b) (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2011a). The NNRPIM was also tested for more demanding applications, such as the material nonlinearity (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2009b), the large deformation analysis (Dinis, Natal Jorge, & Belinha, 2009a) and crack opening path problems (Azevedo, Belinha, Dinis, & Natal Jorge, 2015) (Belinha, Azevedo, Dinis, & Natal Jorge, 2016). Regarding the simulation of the non-linear behaviour of biological materials, Belinha et al. have developed non-linear elastoplastic constitutive models to reproduce the bio-mechanical behaviour of bone structures (C. S. S. Tavares, Belinha, Dinis, & Natal Jorge, 2015) and atherosclerotic plaque tissue (Belinha, Dinis, & Natal, 2014). Due to the iterative nature of this class of problems, the precision and smoothness of the stress/strain field is very important to achieve stable and robust solutions. Thus, as expected, the combination of the non-linear models with meshless methods allowed to predict with precision the failure of those biological structures.
Design optimization of a functionally graded overlay using FEA
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
V. Fouquet, L. Tapie, J. P. Attal, A. Benoit
Teeth are essentially composed of two natural tissues with very different mechanical properties: enamel (E ∼ 40–80 GPa) and dentine (E ∼ 20 GPa) connected by the dentine-enamel junction (DEJ). Over a few micrometers, DEJ shows a gradient of elastic modulus between 20 GPa and 80 GPa and cracks propagating from enamel are naturally stopped in areas close to the DEJ (Wang et al. 2018). With a biomimetic approach and inspired by the DEJ, numerical studies have introduced a functionally graded material (FGM) with a gradient of elastic modulus at the bottom of the restoration (Huang et al. 2007; Du et al. 2013). They showed that the FGM reduced the stresses observed at the bottom of the restoration and increased the resistance of the prosthesis to masticatory loadings.
Stress-dependent design and optimization methodology of gradient porous implant and application in femoral stem
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Changning Sun, Jianfeng Kang, Ling Wang, Zhongmin Jin, Chaozong Liu, Dichen Li
It is hard to quantify the safety of implants due to the lack of constitutive equations in the design of FGM implants from early research. Safety could be quantified based on understanding the constitutive equations of porous structure so that FGM implant could be truly realized.
The use of functionally graded dental crowns to improve biocompatibility: a finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Mojtaba Mahmoudi, Ali Reza Saidi, Maryam Alsadat Hashemipour, Parviz Amini
When a tooth loses most or all its coronal structure, post-core crown restoration is usually used. In post-core crown restoration, as the crown is subjected to a functional or parafunctional loading, a partial load is transferred to dentin via post-core and the rest is directly transferred to dentin. The significant mismatch between mechanical properties of prosthesis and dental tissues leads to stress concentration at the interfaces (Genovese et al. 2005; Zarone et al. 2006). Alumina and zirconia are mainly used for fabrication of crowns. Since the elastic modulus of alumina (380 GPa) and zirconia (200 GPa) are much more than dentin elastic modulus (18.6 GPa), it is expected that the stress concentrates at the crown-dentin margins. Therefore, the cervical region, where the crown is cemented to dentin, is a critical region of restoration and special attention should be paid to its stresses (González-Lluch and Pérez-González 2016). An ideal artificial crown might be the one that is stiff enough to prevent large deformation under occlusal loading and also its elastic properties might be as close as possible to dentin at the cervical region, where crown rests on the residual dentin, to relax the destructive stress at the interfaces. In this study functionally graded materials (FGMs) are proposed for fabrication of crown to reach a desired crown. FGM is an inhomogeneous material that its mechanical properties continuously changes from one side to the other side and is tailored for specific performances or function which have become an issue of great interest in recent years (Wessel 2004; Mehrali et al. 2013). Powder sintering technology is a method of producing FGMs by changing the volume fraction of constituent materials (Lin et al. 2010). Recently, researchers are trying to develop the use of FGMs in dentistry. Some researchers have investigated the influence of functionally graded post and concluded that the functionally graded post relaxes the stress concentration in the root compared to homogeneous post (Abu Kasim et al. 2011; Mahmoudi et al. 2017). Other researchers have investigated the influence of functionally graded implants on the bone and implant stresses and concluded that with application of occlusal force, the FGM implant reduces the stresses compared with conventional titanium (Hedia 2005; Wang et al. 2007).