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Inhalational Durg Abuse
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard Rowley, Herbert D. Kleber, Peter Jatlow
In order to dispense the contents of aerosol household products, gases are used as pressurizers (freon). The fluorocarbons are the major aerosol propellants. Subjects have sniffed the aerosol propellants for the high effect. In a review of 34 “inhalant” deaths in Dallas County from 1971 to 1977, the leading cause of fatality (16 of 34 cases or 47%) was due to freon abuse, whether from spray cooking lubricant, air freshener, or deodorant (Garriott and Petty, 1980). The fluorocarbon propellants (trichloromonofluoromethane [F-11] or dichlorodifluoromethane [F-12]) have been shown to induce fatal cardiac arrhythmia when they are inhaled, especially at high concentrations (Hayden et a]., 1976; Garriott and Petty, 1980). They are also neurotoxic. Death is usually sudden as the result of the cardiac arrhythmia and at autopsy there is no specific pathologic change aside from the acute pulmonary congestion.
The Isolated Hepatocyte and Isolated Perfused Liver as Models for Studying Drug- and Chemical-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
David J. Sweeny, Robert B. Diasio
Because of the low-oxygen-carrying capacity of the Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer and the problems that may be encountered with using red cells, some researchers have utilized buffers containing fluorocarbon emulsions to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the perfusate. While the use of fluorocarbon emulsions has been suggested to have many benefits (Krowe et al., 1974), the use of these emulsions has not become widespread, possibly due to the high cost of the fluorocarbons and the uncertainty as to the effect of these agents on liver cell function.
Inorganic Chemical Pollutants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Fluorocarbon comprises a group of synthetic halogen-substituted methane and ethane derivatives that are found extensively in aerosol propellants and refrigerants. Tons of fluorocarbon is found in the air of some cities. Some people who inhale these may experience environmentally triggered problems such as symptoms previously discussed. Fluorocarbon also destroys the ozone layer, allowing dangerous radiation into the atmosphere.
Use of clinical chemistry health outcomes and PFAS chain length to predict 28-day rodent oral toxicity
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2023
Giselle R. M. Bellia, Robert A. Bilott, Ning Sun, David Thompson, Vasilis Vasiliou
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of chemicals exhibiting similar molecular structures (i.e. at least with one aliphatic per-fluorocarbon moiety), environmental properties, and biological hazards (Kwiatkowski et al. 2020). The exact number of PFAS is unknown, although 4,730 have currently been identified (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2018). PFAS can be described as either ‘long-chained’ or ‘short-chained’, although these descriptions vary by type of PFAS and the individual chemical structure. For example, perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids with at least seven carbon atoms and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids with at least six carbon atoms are considered long-chained (Buck et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2017). Used mainly as industrial chemicals, flame retardants, and in food packaging, PFAS are ubiquitous (Ding et al. 2020; Pelch et al. 2019). Due to their strong carbon-fluorine bonds, they pose a concern to the environment (Cousins et al. 2020; Death et al. 2021) and for potential toxicity to humans (Ding et al. 2020; Cousins et al. 2020; Pelch et al. 2019; Fenton et al. 2021).
Pre-clinical assessment of a water-in-fluorocarbon emulsion for the treatment of pulmonary vascular diseases
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Scott K. Ferguson, David I. Pak, Justin L. Hopkins, Julie W. Harral, Katherine M. Redinius, Zoe Loomis, Kurt R. Stenmark, Mark A. Borden, Thies Schroeder, David C. Irwin
Unfortunately, pMDIs rely on the use of propellants that generate constant output pressure independent of filing status, and the most commonly used propellants (i.e. HFA 134a or HFA 227) have extremely low water solubility (2200 and 610 ppm, respectively) (Myrdal et al., 2014) making it difficult to deliver adequate amounts of a chosen therapeutic. However, with water-in-fluorocarbon technology, it is possible to encapsulate an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) within an emulsion, thus affording compatibility with pMDI propellants and enabling enhanced delivery of API to distal regions of the lung without adherence to the upper airways (Courrier et al., 2004). While these therapeutic technologies seem promising, to our knowledge there have been no investigations into the efficacy of a water-in-fluorocarbon based intrapulmonary therapeutic aimed at the treatment of pulmonary vascular disease and the associated elevations in PAP.