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A Smoking Intervention for Substance Abusing Adolescents: Outcomes, Predictors of Cessation Attempts, and Post-Treatment Substance Use
Published in Eric F. Wagner, Nicotine Addiction Among Adolescents, 2018
Mark G. Myers, Sandra A. Brown, John F. Kelly
Participating adolescents and their parents were assessed separately at the start of smoking groups and again one and three months following intervention completion. The intake interview was conducted in person and assessed demographic information, a variety of smoking-related variables, and current and lifetime cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use. The one- and three-month follow-up interviews assessed smoking cessation efforts and cigarette, alcohol, and other drug use during the preceding interval (i.e., 30 or 60 days, respectively). The one-month follow-up interviews were conducted by telephone, and the three-month assessments were done in person. Parent reports were utilized to corroborate adolescent self-reports of cigarette, alcohol and other drug use. At three months, adolescent smoking status was verified using expired breath carbon monoxide (CO) measures.
Saliva Drug Analysis
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Edward J. Cone, Amanda J. Jenkins
Nicotine is excreted in saliva, but is not considered to be a reliable marker of tobacco smoke exposure because of its short half-life (approximately 2 hr). In contrast, cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, has a half-life of approximately 17 hr.125 Cotinine appears rapidly in both saliva and plasma after nicotine administration and saliva concentrations generally exceed corresponding plasma levels. Curvall et al.126 reported that saliva cotinine concentrations were highly correlated with plasma concentrations (r = 0.99), with a S/P (total) ratio of 1.2 to 1.4. Furthermore, Curvall and Enzell127 determined that saliva nicotine concentrations did not reflect actual uptake of nicotine as accurately as saliva or plasma cotinine levels. Jarvis et al.128 compared 11 different tests for their ability to categorize smokers and nonsmokers correctly. Saliva cotinine measurements were the most accurate in determining smoking status, with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 99%. Other measures, such as saliva nicotine, breath carbon monoxide, and plasma thiocyanate, were found to be useful, but less reliable than saliva cotinine. The authors indicated that measurement of saliva cotinine provided a basis for categorization of the smoking status of an individual that was substantially more accurate than self-report.
Disability and impairment in asbestosis and asbestos-related diffuse pleural disease
Published in Dorsett D. Smith, The Health Effects of Asbestos, 2015
The single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity is very useful in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. The test measures the capillary blood volume of the lungs. The test requires a good inspiration and a breath hold for 10 seconds since the measurement is proportional to the size of the breath of the participant and breath holding time. It is also affected by the amount of hemoglobin in the blood since it measures the uptake of carbon monoxide by hemoglobin in the red blood cells. The test should be corrected for anemia when present, and also corrected for carbon monoxide backpressure related to cigarette or cigar smoking. The prediction formula for diffusion should use values adjusted for cigarette smoking. Even when the predicted values are corrected for smoking, the actual values may be lower than predicted because smoking causes interstitial abnormalities related to respiratory bronchiolitis. (Caminati A, Cavazza A, Sverzellati N, Harari S. An integrated approach in the diagnosis of smoking-related interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2012;21(125):207–17; Caminati A, Graziano P, Sverzellati N, Harari S. Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases. Pathologica 2010;102(6):525–36.)
Gender differences in risk factor management and pharmacological treatment among CHD patients: Belgian results of the EUROASPIRE IV and EUROASPIRE V surveys
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2023
Pieter Vynckier, Johan De Sutter, Michel De Pauw, Hans Vandekerckhove, Guy De Backer, Pieter Vervaet, Nancy Deweerdt, Paul Dendale, Alexandre Persu, Arne Janssen, Patrick Chenu, Kornelia Kotseva, Sofie Gevaert, Dirk De Bacquer, Delphine De Smedt
Current smoking was defined as self-reported smoking and/or a breath carbon monoxide >10 ppm. Adequate levels of physical activity were defined as regularly physical activity more than 30 min, five times or more a week. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2. Blood pressure was measured twice on the right upper arm in a sitting position using an automatic digital sphygmomanometer. The mean of both measurements was used for analyses. Raised blood pressure levels were defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) ≥140/90 mmHg (≥140/85 mmHg in patients with diabetes). Venous (fasting) blood samples were taken to analyse low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The LDL-C was calculated according to the Friedewald’s formula [10]. Raised LDL-C levels were defined as LDL-C ≥ 1.8 mmol/L (≥70 mg/dL). Uncontrolled diabetes was defined as HbA1c ≥7% in patients with self-reported diabetes. Furthermore, information on cardiovascular medication intake was based on medication use at the time of the study interview (patients were asked to bring their medication with them at the study visit). Information included the use of aspirin or other antiplatelet drugs, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and statins. Moreover, awareness of CHD risk factor levels was defined as patients’ self-reported awareness about their latest weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels (Appendix A).
Effect of smoking cessation on cardiac troponin I concentrations
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Eli Heggen, Torbjørn Omland, Serena Tonstad
Participants were randomized to a low-carbohydrate or low-fat diet and treated with a standard course of varenicline for 12 weeks. Smoking status was assessed according to the Russell standard. In this study quitters reported a total of ≤5 cigarettes smoked at any time after the quit date, which was day 14 after baseline and 10 days after start of varenicline. Quitting was validated with expired breath carbon monoxide (CO) < 10 ppm. Of 122 randomized participants, 108 (89%) completed clinical and laboratory assessments at 12 weeks and are included in this analysis. We found no differences in cTnI values between the dietary groups (data not shown). Thus we combined the groups to compare concentrations of cTnI in quitters (n = 78) to continuing smokers (n = 30) at 12 weeks.
Mood disorders impaired quality of life but not the mortality or morbidity risk in stable coronary heart disease patients
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2020
Otto Mayer, Jan Bruthans, Jitka Seidlerová, Petra Karnosová, Markéta Mateřánková, Julius Gelžinský, Martina Rychecká, Renata Cífková, Jan Filipovský
During interview/clinical examination, we ascertained information regarding personal and demographic characteristics, personal and family history of CHD, life-style, and pharmacotherapy. We performed following standardised examinations: height and weight were measured in light indoor clothes without shoes using SECA 701 scales and measuring stick (SECA, Hamburg, Germany). The scales were calibrated at the start of each survey. Waist circumference was measured using a tape measure. Blood pressure (BP) was measured twice in the sitting position on the right arm using standard mercury sphygmomanometers. Breath carbon monoxide was measured by a SMOKERLYSER device (Bedfont Scientific, Upchurch, UK) to verify smoking status (with 10 ppm of breath carbon monoxide as the cut-off point). Venous blood samples were drawn after patients were fasting at least 12 h. Laboratory examinations included estimation of total and HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and glucose, and were performed in the central study laboratory of the respective EUROASPIRE survey; laboratory methods were described elsewhere [9,10] LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation, i.e. LDL = total cholesterol – HDL – (TG/2.22). Moreover, HbA1c was estimated by ionex liquid chromatography using G7 analyser (TOSOH, Tokyo, Japan), while brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) by commercial kits (Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, Germany). All these laboratory estimations was realised in series and from frozen samples, stored at –80 degrees.