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Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Returning to a general discussion of energy, a piece of laboratory equipment known as a bomb calorimeter measures calories in carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Numbers may vary, clustering near 3.6 calories per gram for the sugar glucose (C6H12O6), 4.1 for starch, 5.6 for protein, and 9.4 for fat.12 Note that glucose and starch, both carbohydrates, differ by half a calorie per gram, debunking the generalization that all carbohydrates have about 4 calories per gram as too imprecise for comfort. Having the most calories by mass, fat is the richest energy source. Alcohol also has calories but will not receive treatment in order to focus on foods rather than beverages. Admittedly the distinction between food and beverage is somewhat arbitrary. Any nourishment may be classified as food. For this reason, part of Chapter 7 examines milk in the conviction that it qualifies as food and beverage. Carbohydrates, fat, and protein aside, the body requires minerals, vitamins, possibly some phytochemicals, and water, none of which has calories.
Nutrition for health and sports performance
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
It is possible to measure the stored energy in food using a bomb calorimeter; an example of this is shown in Figure 2.6. In a bomb calorimeter the food to be tested is burned completely within a chamber containing oxygen and started by an electrical ignition. The burning of the foodstuff will result in the release of heat energy.
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A calorimeter is a chamber, entirely closed from the outside world, in which one can house an animal and record its body heat. It is used to determine the METABOLIC RATE of small animals—calorimeters for use by large animals (including humans) are used, but less often. Calorimetry is the process of taking such recordings. BOMB CALORIMETRY involves determining the amount of energy present in something by burning it in a sealed unit—a bomb calorimeter—and measuring the heat given off. This is a process occasionally used to determine the energy composition of animal carcasses.
Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila increases whole-body energy expenditure and fecal energy excretion in diet-induced obese mice
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Clara Depommier, Matthias Van Hul, Amandine Everard, Nathalie M. Delzenne, Willem M. De Vos, Patrice D. Cani
C57BL/6J 8-week old male mice (n = 7 per group) were purchased from Janvier (France) and were housed in a specific and opportunistic pathogen free (SOPF) animal facility with a controlled temperature-humidity and 12 h light-dark cycle. Mice had free access to water and food. Upon delivery, mice underwent an acclimatization period of one week during which they were fed with a normal diet (ND) (AIN96Mi, Research diet, New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Mice were matched according to fat mass and body weight and divided into three groups. During the following 5 weeks, mice were fed a ND or an HFD (60% fat and 20% carbohydrates (kcal per 100 g), D12492i, Research diet New Brunswick, NJ, USA) and were treated daily with an oral gavage of either 2 × 108 CFU/180 µl of pasteurized A. muciniphila (ATTC BAA-835) in sterile PBS containing 2.5% glycerol or 180 µl of vehicle solution (PBS containing 2.5% glycerol). Pasteurization consisted of heat treatment at 70°C for 30 min of fresh A. muciniphila produced, as previously described.23 Body weight and body composition were measured once a week using 7.5 mHz TD-NMR (LF50 minispec, Bruker). Food intake was assessed weekly. Cumulative food intake and energy efficiency were calculated based on the 4 first weeks. Mice were separated one week before indirect calorimetry measurement for acclimation. In the final week of the experiment, fecal samples were harvested after a 48 h period and fecal energy content was measured using a bomb calorimeter (Staufen, Germany). All data shown are compiled from two independent experiment (n = 3–4 for each set of experiment, leading to n = 7/group in total).