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Nanoparticle-Mediated Small RNA Deliveries for Molecular Therapies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ramasamy Paulmurugan, Uday Kumar Sukumar, Tarik F. Massoud
In addition to the above mentioned drugs, several other drugs such as tamoxifen (TMX) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT)-loaded nanoparticles have been also used effectively to treat ER positive breast cancers [68]. Owing to relatively poor oral bioavailability and several side effects of these drugs, polymer nanoparticles have gained much interest for tamoxifen delivery [69–72]. Gemcitabine, mitomycin C, epirubicin, and curcumin are other frequently used antineoplastic agents that have been loaded in polymer-based nanoparticles for anticancer therapy and have been tested them in many cancers in vitro and in vivo [73–85]. Overall, these anticancer agents achieve a wide range of beneficial effects when loaded in nanoparticles compared to free drugs, which include: (i) reduction in toxicity, (ii) change in bioavailability, (iii) enhanced specificity, (iv) change in solubility, and (v) improved therapeutic effects. The use of biodegradable polymers has an added advantage to improve the efficiency of these drugs further for their utilizations in the clinic because of their non-toxic biocompatible nature.
Recent Trends in Bio-Medical Waste, Challenges and Opportunities
Published in K. Gayathri Devi, Kishore Balasubramanian, Le Anh Ngoc, Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques for Medical Science, 2022
While typical solid and liquid trash does not need to be treated before being disposed of, practically all infectious trash should be handled beforehand. The expense of disposing of infectious garbage might be 10 times that of routine garbage disposal. Any approach that lowers the cost of infectious waste disposal lowers the quantity of infectious waste produced. syringes, blood, urine bags, catheters, and other things made of plastic are used in health care. A decrease in sperm count, genital abnormalities, and a rise in breast cancer incidences have all been related to plastic. When plastics are burnt, carcinogens such as dioxin and furan are produced. Because of its non-biodegradable nature, plastic has become a serious environmental and health hazard. Long-term, landfilling, or recycling are all ecologically sound ways to dispose of plastic garbage. Before returning to the seller, all discarded plastic should be shredded. The development of environmentally friendly, biodegradable polymers is urgently required. It is also critical to reduce the amount of plastic garbage produced. For medical practitioners, biomedical waste management is just as vital as a treatment strategy. All health care employees and auxiliary people from different health care institutions should be educated about the present state of scientific biomedical waste management systems, as well as their value and advantages to patients, staff, and the community as a whole.
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Biodegradable polymers can work for shorter times and slowly degrade if there are desirable conditions under the controlled mechanism, into products which are easily eliminated in the body’s metabolic pathways [97]. Biodegradable polymers are more popular than no degradable delivery system, as they are eventually absorbed or metabolized and removed from the body by excretion. This method totally eliminates the need for surgery for the removal of the implant after the completion of the therapy.
Sustained release ocular drug delivery systems for glaucoma therapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Zinah K. Al-Qaysi, Ian G. Beadham, Sianne L. Schwikkard, Joseph C. Bear, Ali A. Al-Kinani, Raid G. Alany
Intracameral implants serve as a reservoir system to provide sustained drug release for glaucoma treatment. Such implants are better accepted by glaucoma patients since a minimal drug concentration is needed and fewer side effects are observed compared with conventional eye drops. Intracameral implants are more invasive than subconjunctival implants. The subconjunctival route requires either injection or insertion of the implant beneath the conjunctiva. To inject (via the subconjunctival route) into the posterior segment of the eye, a bleb is initially formed which acts as a slowly depleting depot. The drug then has only the sclera and choroid to cross to reach its site of action, the retina [116]. The administration of glaucoma drugs from the subconjunctival space provides prolonged delivery for 3–4 months [115]. Biodegradable polymers have a substantial benefit over nondegradable systems because the entire system is eventually absorbed by the body, reducing the need for further removal. Potential complications include intraocular infection, implant migration, and inconsistent or overly prolonged biodegradation. In the latter case, difficulties may arise when implants degrade so slowly that residual material remains in the eye for months or even years [14,109,117]. Examples of intracameral implants used in glaucoma therapy include DURYSTA, ENV515, OTX-TIC, iDose Travoprost, PA5108, and DE-117. Subconjunctival injections or implants utilized in glaucoma therapy are Durasert and P0LAT–001 [36,41].
Co-delivery of an HIV prophylactic and contraceptive using PGSU as a long-acting multipurpose prevention technology
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jarrod Cohen, Dennis Shull, Stephanie Reed
Long-acting devices can include inserts, implants, pumps, and stents [34,35]. Several of these have been commercialized for indications including contraceptives (Nexplanon®) [36–38], chronic illness (Susvimo™) [39–41], pain management (Xaracoll®) [42,43], and opioid abuse disorder (Probuphine®) [44–47]. While current commercialized implants are non-degradable, a market shift in drug delivery has focused on using biodegradable materials. These materials, often polymeric, degrade in vivo through hydrolysis and eliminate the need for removal procedures, minimizing the risk of infection and burdensome visits to the clinic [48]. Biodegradable polymers have been applied in medical applications ranging from bioresorbable cardiovascular stents to surgical sutures. While long-acting contraceptives have been clinically and commercially established [36,49], long-acting HIV prophylactics have only recently became commercially available [50,51]. As such, there is a prime opportunity to combine these therapies in a single long-acting drug delivery device.
Fluid flow effects on the degradation kinetics of bioresorbable polymers
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Zhitao Liu, Hongbo Zhang, Huanxin Lai
Biodegradable polymers are widely used in biomedical engineering due to their biocompatibility and adjustable biodegradation rate, e.g. coronary stents, tissue engineering scaffolds, implants and so on. Taken stents as an example, biodegradable stents are resorbed after supporting the vessel wall for a determined period eliminating the need of a second operation and relieving the pain of patient, compared with those made from metal (Iqbal et al. 2014; Karanasiou et al. 2017; Jinnouchi et al. 2019). However, it was found that patients implanted drug-eluting stents were at a high risk of dying from very late stent thrombosis (Simard et al. 2014). Similarly, the stress-shielding effect and secondary damage need to be avoided after implanting a tissue engineering scaffold (Loh and Choong 2013; Waygood et al. 2015). These phenomena are related to the degradation of polymers. Therefore, it is important to study the degradation mechanism for the development of advanced biodegradable devices, in particular, when the flow rate of surrounding medium is high, e.g. the blood flow in the coronary system.