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Three-Dimensional Printing: Future of Pharmaceutical Industry
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Manju Bala, Anju Dhiman, Harish Dureja, Munish Garg, Pooja A Chawla, Viney Chawla
Sandler et al utilise nitrofurantoin (poorly soluble drug) having activity against microbes and urinary tract infections. Poly lactic acid was used as a biodegradable polymer. This further resulted in inhibition of biofilm colonisation (Sandler et al. 2014).
Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
Advanced researches are being conducted polymeric biomaterials from various disciplines of polymer chemistry, materials science, biomedical engineering, surface chemistry, biophysics, and biology. In the past few years, polymer-based biomaterial technologies are coming to the commercial applications at a very rapid pace. Polylactic acid (PLA) the most widely used synthetic polymer which introduced by Biscnoff and Walden in 1893 [7]. These are highly biocompatible, with controlled degradation rate and degrade into toxic-free components like CO2 and water. They are used for biomedical applications, like natural polymers, polysaccharides or proteins, and synthetic polymers.
Vaccine Adjuvants in Immunotoxicology
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Nanoparticles are manufactured using albumin, collagen, starch, chitosan, and dextran out of natural polymers and polymethylmethacrylate, polyesters, polyanhydrides, and polyamides among synthetic polymers (Li et al. 2014). There are biodegradable or non-biodegradable polymers. Non-biodegradable polymers may cause unexpected effects by accumulation in the body. In the vaccine studies, the characteristics such as toxic effects of the polymer on the organism, antigen release speed capacity, stability status under storage conditions, and stability in the in vivo conditions should be taken into account in making a decision for an ideal polymer carrier system (Skwarczynski and Toth 2011, 2016). The comprehensive toxicity tests for several synthetic polymers such as polyesters, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid, and their copolymers poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) have been carried out and they are FDA-approved for use in humans (Li et al. 2014; Cordeiro and Alonso 2016). The most commonly used biodegradable polymers are PLA, PLGA, polyglutamic acid (PGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyhydroxybutyrate. PLGA is the most frequently used polymer in the nanoparticle studies (Li et al. 2014). Skwarczynski and Toth (2011) have reported in their study that MUC-1 peptide vaccine assembled into PLGA nanoparticle carrier system accompanied with adjuvant MPLA created immune response by inducing T cells. However, it has been noted in the same article that need for use of adjuvant in the PLGA-based systems still continues (Skwarczynski and Toth 2011).
Synthetic biodegradable polyesters for implantable controlled-release devices
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Jinal U. Pothupitiya, Christy Zheng, W. Mark Saltzman
Polylactide (PLA) or polylactic acid is a biodegradable polyester, which is extensively used in the textile, packaging, and biomedical industries. Polylactide is synthesized from lactide monomers and polylactic acid from lactic acid. The widespread use of PLA is attributed to its relatively simple bulk production methods, high abundance, recyclability, composability, and mechanical strength (which is comparable to polystyrene). Furthermore, the long history of PLA use in implanted devices – and its well-characterized biodegradability – make it an attractive material for biomedical implants. PLA is synthesized from lactic acid or lactide, which are monomers derived from renewable resources such as corn, wheat, carbon dioxide, and rice. The polymer degrades in biological systems by hydrolysis and enzymatic activity to produce lactic acid, which is a natural metabolite in the body. PLA is generally recognized as safe; it is a component in many FDA-approved products [2,111,112].
Recent strategies driving oral biologic administration
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Badriyah Shadid Alotaibi, Manal Buabeid, Nihal Abdalla Ibrahim, Zelal Jaber Kharaba, Munazza Ijaz, Ghulam Murtaza
Biodegradable and biocompatible polymers having the potential of sustained vaccine release have been widely utilized for MPMNs fabrication [76,93]. In contrast to pulsatile vaccine delivery, sustained-release formulations have exhibited higher antibodies and T cell response [86,94]. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactide-o-glycolic acid (PLGA) are the most extensively used FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers since they can be easily tailored to modify vaccine release [45–47,76,81,86,95–98]. Release kinetics can be further tuned by preparing a co-block of PLA/PLGA with other polymers, such as ethylene glycol [95]. PLA/PLGA MPMNs prevent biodegradation of vaccines. Their biodegradative and hydrolytic products are acidic, which could be responsible for vaccine instability and requires to be comprehensively assessed. In another study, DNA plasmid has been microencapsulated into chitosan [73] and PLGA [71,72] to prepare the oral vaccine. DNA vaccines for parenteral use have also been formulated using biodegradable particles [[98–102].
The role of additive manufacturing and antimicrobial polymers in the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
The development of an affective antimicrobial polymer for additive manufacturing seems increasingly critical due to the extensive used of polymers in the prototyping of critical medical devices. It has been suggested [12] that the addition of nanoparticles of copper to polymers and the resulting antimicrobial properties have promising applications to the development of medical devices associated to bacterial growth [12]. Previous investigations have used copper nanocomposites to enhance the antimicrobial properties of polymers used in injection molding and additive manufacturing to develop medical device [9,11] Currently, the most commonly used polymer in additive manufacturing is polylactic acid. Polylactic acid has been described as the main commodity polymer derived from annually renewable resources, such as corn [13]. Thus, the use of a renewable resource to produce antimicrobial polymers for additive manufacturing could significantly assist the current medical product supply chain disruptions involving the manufacturing of critical medical devices in austere clinical settings.