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Renal Diseases
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
The incidence of bilateral renal agenesis is highly variable, depending on the study. Unilateral disease is often clinically silent and the estimated incidence is 1 in 1,000–10,000. The incidence of multicystic dysplastic and renal hypoplasia/dysplasia is about 1 in 5,000.
Urinary System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kendall S. Frazier, John Curtis Seely
Several background changes have been described that may occasionally be noted as rare congenital lesions in laboratory animals in preclinical studies, including renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia, and adrenal rests. Renal agenesis and renal hypoplasia refer to defects in renal parenchyma resulting from a reduced mass of metanephric blastema or incomplete induction of nephron formation by the ureteral bud. Renal agenesis refers to the complete lack of one kidney. Bilateral agenesis is an embryonic lethal trait. Renal hypoplasia refers to a quantitative defecit in the amount of parenchyma that is also usually unilateral. Either agenesis or hypoplasia may result in hypertrophic tubular changes in the contralateral kidney. The diagnosis is straightforward and noted macroscopically as absent or very small kidneys on gross examination. Since animals can function and thrive on only one kidney, there may be no changes in clinicopathologic parameters; but the animals will be more sensitive to the effects of nephrotoxins than normal controls on the same study due to limited nephron functional reserve. The incidence of these anomalies varies markedly with strains. While rare in most breeds/strains used in preclinical testing, it has been noted sporadically in beagle dogs, mice, and occasionally in rats. Drugs or teratogenic agents such as the ret kinase or syk kinase inhibitors that inhibit metanephros differentiation have been associated with agenesis of the kidneys in rodents (Clemens et al. 2009; Suzuki et al. 2007). Double renal pelvis is a condition occasionally encountered in some mice strains in which there are twin papillae extending into their own pelvis and draining into the single ureter. It has no real clinical significance. Adrenal rests are small foci of ectopic but well-differentiated accessory adrenocortical tissue that are found along the capsule or subcapsular cortex of the kidney in rats and mice as well as along the extracapsular tissue adjacent to the adrenal gland. They represent a developmental abnormality due to disturbed embryonic cell migration during organogenesis. While adrenal rests in humans have rarely been reported as preneoplastic and able to undergo malignant transformation, this has never been conclusively demonstrated in rodents (Goren et al. 1991). The lesion is not invasive, and therefore easily distinguished from renal neoplasia, and has no clinical or toxicologic significance.
Chemotherapy for cervical cancer in pregnancy
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2019
Aline Figueredo de Oliveira, Luis Ronan Marquez Ferreira de Souza, Marina Carvalho Paschoini, Eddie Fernando Candido Murta, Rosekeila Simões Nomelini
Platinum derivatives are efficacious drugs in the treatment of cervical cancer. They are also safe for use in pregnant women because of the low concentrations required for the drug to cross the placental barrier (Zagouri et al. 2013). Vincristine, an antimicrotubular antineoplastic agent, also has minimally teratogenic effects. There are some reports of renal hypoplasia and atrial septal defects associated with its use (Leslie et al. 2005). The combination of vincristine and cisplatin is a primary option for the neoadjuvant treatment of ICC during pregnancy (Tewari et al. 1998; de Lima et al. 2013).
Long-term outcomes after pyeloplasty for pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction in adults associated with renal congenital anomalies: Age, sex and renal function matched analysis
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2021
Mohamed A. Elbaset, Yasser Osman, Mostafa Elgamal, Mohamed A. Sharaf, Osama Ezzat, Ali M. Elmeniar, Abdalla Abdelhamid, Mohamad H. Zahran
In general the overall functional success of pyeloplasty in the different congenital renal anomalies was 69%. In comparison with the other patients who underwent pyeloplasty in otherwise normal kidneys, we noticed a lower success rate. This may be attributed to impaired renal recoverability due to renal hypoplasia in cases of congenital renal anomalies in addition to prolonged obstruction [9].