China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Kidney Disease
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
The kidneys are small, symmetrical organs, situated bilaterally adjacent to the spine in the retroperitoneum of the lower abdominal cavity (Figure 15.1). Their purpose is to filter the blood, via nephrons, the structural and functional units within the kidney. Reabsorbed fluids are returned to the bloodstream, while waste products are secreted, then excreted from the renal pelvis through the ureter into the bladder to be removed from the body during urination. A process of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion occurs several times daily in order to remove waste products from the blood and maintain appropriate fluid balance and electrolyte levels within the body.
The patient with acute renal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The nephron is the functional unit of the renal system. There are approximately one million of them per kidney and, put together, they would have a combined length of about 80 kilometres. Each nephron consists of two sections. Firstly, a tubular area consisting of the glomerulus, the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, and secondly, a vascular area called the vasa recta (see Figure 8.3).
Mechanisms of Chemically Induced Glomerular Injury
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
The nephron consists of a renal, or Malpighian, corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule), a proximal tubule, a loop of Henle, and a distal tubule. The nephron excludes the collecting duct, for its embryologic origin differs from that of the remainder of the tubule. The components of nephron are highly diversified in structure and function to accomplish various tasks under health and disease conditions.1,8 The renal corpuscle consists of a highly coiled and branched glomerulary tuft of capillaries (the glomerulus) with associated Bowman’s capsule. Properly, the term glomerulus refers only to the capillary tuft. However, it is often used interchangeably with “renal corpuscle” to include capillary tuft and Bowman’s capsule. The renal corpuscles of the human kidney have an average diameter of 100 μm and, when engorged with blood, are visible to the naked eye (Figure 1).
The anti-hypertensive effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2023
Luxcia Kugathasan, Lisa Dubrofsky, Andrew Advani, David Z.I. Cherney
Under normal physiological conditions, blocking sodium transport in the proximal tubule increases distal tubular load and promotes a compensatory enhancement of sodium, chloride, and potassium reabsorption at the loop of Henle primarily by Na-K-2Cl (NKCC2) cotransporters. However, owing to the natriuretic-diuretic coupling effect of SGLT2 inhibition at the proximal tubule, it has been postulated that a diluted load with a low chloride concentration is delivered to the distal nephron and renders tubular reabsorption at the loop of Henle ineffective (Figure 3) [96]. Specifically, since the proximal tubule is highly permeable to water and SGLT2 inhibition renders glucose non-resorbable, isotonicity between the tubular fluid and blood is maintained by osmoregulation. The resulting diuresis is thought to decrease the chloride ion concentration in the proximal tubular filtrate [92]. Therefore, it is speculated that the requirement of two chloride ions for each cotransport at the thick ascending limb subsequently reduces NKCC2 cotransporter activity in a diluted chloride environment [92,96]. The off-target impact of SGLT2 inhibitors at the thick ascending limb may indicate similar activity to that of a loop diuretic to promote plasma volume contraction, although this effect has yet to be proven [96].
Renal and Hepatic Disease: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius as Diet Therapy Proposal for Prevention and Treatment
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Maria Lilibeth Manzanilla Valdez, Maira Rubi Segura Campos
In order to eliminate toxins, it is necessary to excrete metabolites, this process is done by nephrons. The kidney has around one million nephrons, inside them there is the glomerulus (a blood vessel and capillaries) that connects with the tubules and then collects the urine and transports it to the bladder (17). It is important to mention that although there are many nephrons, they cannot be regenerate. Therefore, once a nephron suffers a damage (due to progress of some pathology) this nephron will be lost, due to the above it is important to take care of the kidneys, due to the danger of developing chronic diseases. In Figure 1, the structure of the kidney is presented, through the renal vein it reaches the blood with metabolism products such as urea, creatinine, uric acid, products of the metabolism of hemoglobin and the metabolites of various hormones. These products are eliminated in the urine through the ureter, an excess of urea and uric acid has negative consequences in the organism, it can cause systemic toxicity. Once filtered and without toxins, blood returns to the organism through the renal artery (15).
Advances in understanding vertebrate nephrogenesis
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Joseph M. Chambers, Rebecca A. Wingert
Following IM specification, the progression of vertebrate renal development involves the stepwise generation and degeneration of several kidney forms: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Each kidney iteration develops along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis, where each subsequent version becomes more structurally complex than the previous structure. The pronephros emerges first, and while it is vestigial/nonfunctional in mammals, it is functional in other vertebrates such as fish and frogs.23 The mesonephros is further developed and partially functional in mammals, while serving as the final kidney form in amphibians and fish.24 However, the fully formed and functional version of this vital organ in mammals is the metanephros, which develops through branching morphogenesis events that result in an arborized structure essential for fluid homeostasis. Importantly, all three vertebrate kidney forms share the overall structure of the kidney’s functional unit: the nephron. Broadly, the nephron is composed of a blood filter, a segmented tubule, and a collecting duct system to shuttle urine to the bladder.