China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Effects on Bone, on Vitamin D, and Calcium Metabolism
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Bone changes were also found by Itokawa and co-workers who exposed four groups of five rats each to different combinations of calcium and cadmium in the diet: calcium-adequate and calcium-deficient diet, with or without 50 mg Cd per liter in drinking water.39 After 120 days there was a considerable degeneration of the kidneys in the two groups exposed to cadmium. The greater part of the tubular epithelia was desquamated and vacuolized. Necrosis and partial hyalinization of the glomerular capillaries and adhesions between the Bowman capsule and glomerular capillaries were also observed. Thinning of the cortical osseous tissues was seen in the bones of the calciumdeficient rats with no cadmium exposure. In the cadmium-treated rats with calciumadequate diet, fat deposition took place in the femoral spongiosa. In the group with both calcium deficiency and cadmium exposure, there were also some osteoid borders on the bone trabeculae and an increased number of osteocytes in the cortical tissue. Itokawa and co-workers39 concluded that the bone findings were similar to the osteomalacia characterized by poor calcification as seen in humans.
B
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Bowman, Sir William (1816–1892) English physician and demonstrator in anatomy at King’s College London. Born in Nantwich, Cheshire and graduated from King’s College. He developed the concept of glomerular filtration and tubular secretion in 1842. He described the capsule of the glomerular apparatus, Bowman capsule. He later (1846) practiced ophthalmology at the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields and perfected irridectomy and removal of cataracts. The basement membrane of the cornea (Bowman membrane) was described by him, and he wrote Lectures on the Operations of the Eye in 1849.
Renal Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Tumors and Cancers, 2017
Structurally, each kidney contains around 1 million individual nephrons (the functional units), which are made of renal corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle comprises the capillaries of the glomerulus that is surrounded by the glomerular capsule (or Bowman capsule, a cup-shaped double layer of simple squamous epithelium with a hollow space between the layers). The glomerulus contains podocytes and a basement membrane, allowing water and certain solutes to be filtered across. Podocytes form a thin filter with the endothelium of the capillaries to separate urine from blood passing through the glomerulus. The outer layer of the glomerular capsule keeps the urine separated from the blood within the capsule. At the far end of the glomerular capsule is the mouth of the renal tubule, which carries urine from the glomerular capsule to the renal pelvis.
Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester use and inhibition of p42/44 MAP kinase signal pathway on caveolin 1 gene expression and antioxidant system in chronic renal failure model of rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Yilmaz Cigremis, Hasan Ozen, Merve Durhan, Selahattin Tunc, Evren Kose
Caveolae are 50–80 nm diameter sack-like invaginations of the plasma membrane that are present in many cell types (Lamaze et al. 2017). They are highly important in membrane trafficking and play important roles in cellular bioactivities. Caveolae are composed of caveolins (CAV) and cavins. Three types of caveolins, CAV1, CAV2, and CAV3 are described. CAV1 is expressed in many cell types, such as adipocytes, endothelial cells, pneumocytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells (Cohen 2004). It is also shown to be normally expressed in distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts, and parietal cells of Bowman capsule of normal human kidney (Tamaskar et al. 2007). Although CAV1−/− knockout mice were reported to be viable and fertile, lack of caveolae or caveolins were shown to cause muscle, pulmonary, or lipid disorders (Le Lay and Kurzchalia 2005). A wide distribution of CAV1, therefore, signifies its importance in cellular transmembrane activities.
The effects of long-term doppler ultrasound exposure in the prenatal period on renal tissue physiology in rats
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2022
Fatma Beyazal Celiker, Levent Tümkaya, Tolga Mercantepe, Ertan Zengin, Mehmet Beyazal, Arzu Turan, Hatice Beyazal Polat, Zehra Topal Suzan, Adnan Yılmaz
This explains the tuberculous histopathological damage secondary to apoptosis. Under normal conditions, approximately 90% of the bicarbonate and phosphate, and approximately 60% of the filtrate such as water, sodium, potassium, chlorine, and calcium, are absorbed back into the proximal tubules, as well as almost all the glucose, amino acids, and small molecular-weight proteins passing through glomerular filtration. Sodium is absorbed in the distal tubule. Na, K, Cl, and Ca levels secondary to tubular damage were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. In addition, parameters such as diameter changes in the Bowman capsule superficial area indicate that renal functions are affected. This is supported by the increase in urea levels, indicating that renal functions cannot be entirely performed.
Acute renal involvement in organophosphate poisoning: histological and immunochemical investigations
Published in Renal Failure, 2018
Yasemin Kaya, Orhan Bas, Hatice Hanci, Soner Cankaya, Ismail Nalbant, Ersan Odaci, Hüseyin Avni Uydu, Ali Aslan
Acute renal failure is one of the problems which is manifested in clinical follow-up of the patients and cause increase in mortality in OP intoxication [9,28]. In a study, the risk of development of acute renal failure has been reported to be higher by 6.17 times in patients exposed to OP (4). Although various mechanisms have been proposed for the development of acute kidney failure in OPs intoxication, knowledge on this issue is not clear because of the insufficiency of experimental data. In the previously published case reports, it has been thought that OP may cause oxidative stress, giving direct damage to renal tubules and renal parenchyma, leading to dehydration due to hypovolemia, and causing development of acute renal failure. In addition, it has been stated that myoglobinuria occurring due to rhabdomyolysis caused by muscle fasciculations may contribute to the development of acute renal failure [9,28,29]. In our study also, we observed histopathological changes both in tubular structure, and glomerulus and Bowman capsule. These results suggest that OP may cause acute renal failure rather by renal parenchymal and tubular damage.