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Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Judit E. Markovits, Graham R. Betton, Donald N. McMartin, Theresa Boulineau
A spectrum of proliferative gingival lesions in rats produced by 3,3′,4,4′ tetrachloroazobenzene were characterized by immunohistochemical markers (including PCNA, cyclin-D1, β-catenin, and maspin), which demonstrated a progression from hyperplasia through cystic squamous lesions to malignancy along with changes in immunoreactivity of these markers (Ramot et al. 2012).
The heart in hypertension
Published in H. Gavras, The Year in Hypertension 2004, 2004
EDWARD D FROHLICH, HECTOR O VENTURA
InsulinHeregulin/neuregulinsLeukaemia inhibitory factorAngiotensinHomeoproteinsDynorphin BFGF-1 <aFGF)LactoferrinTRHFGF-2 (bFGF)VIPMaspinFGF-3INF-a, INF-pRenin/prorenin (aspartylprotease)EGFVEGFLeptinNGFPTHrPAmphoterin (HMGB1)PDGFAngiogenin {an Rnase)PDECGFGrowth hormoneSomatostatinTGF-aProlactinProenkephalinIGFBP 3, 5InterleukinsDefensinsGranzyme A, BInsulin-like growth factor 1Factor JHepatopoietinPigmented epithelium-derived factorTatESkine/CCL 27Brain-derived neurotrophic factorMidkineThioredoxinGonadotropinPhospholipase A2-IGonadotropin releasing hormoneMacrophage colonystimulating factorHepatoma-derived growth factorChorionic gonadotropinSchwannoma-derived growth factorPleiotrophin (HBGAM)Maspin and pigmented epithelium-derived factor are members of the serine protease inhibitor family (serpin). EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HBGAM, heparin-binding-growth- associated molecule; HMGB1, high mobility group protein-1; IGFBP 3,5, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 3 and 5; INF, interferon; NGF, nerve growth factor; PDECGF, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (thymidine phosphorylase); PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related peptide; TGF-a, transforming growth factor; TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide Source: Re (2003).
Molecular Biology of Lung Cancer as the Basis for Targeted Therapy
Published in Kishan J. Pandya, Julie R. Brahmer, Manuel Hidalgo, Lung Cancer, 2016
Oliver Gautschi, Philip C. Mack, Jim Heighway, Paul H. Gumerlock, David R. Gandara
Alterations of gene expression at the RNA level in lung cancer have been extensively studied with microarrays in recent years (53). The use of this technology has led to the collection of an enormous amount of data, which are readily accessible (54). For the common two-channel microarray gene expression analysis, mRNA is isolated from cancer and adjacent normal tissue and converted into cDNA by reverse transcriptase (Fig. 3). Two fluorescent dyes are used to label the cDNA from normal and cancer tissue differently. The labeled cDNA is added to a chip, which may contain up to 390,000 probes that are fixed on glass, plastic, or silicon. These probes represent the genes of interest that will hybridize to complementary cDNA. Nonhybridized cDNA is removed, the fluorescent dye in the hybridized cDNA glows upon laser scanning, and the color and intensity is used to determine the origin and relative expression level of the cDNA. One study compared the expression of 47,650 gene transcripts in resected NSCLC and adjacent normal tissue from 39 patients (55). Approximately 11,000 transcripts were differentially expressed at least twofold. Of these, 96 transcripts were scored as overrepresented fourfold or more in tumors and 30 transcripts were overrepresented 16-fold or more in tumors. Further analysis of the overrepresented genes showed that two of the most dramatically overrepresented transcripts in NSCLC, maspin (SERPINB5) and S100A2, were strongly expressed at the protein level in cancer and preneoplastic lesions (56,57). The possible role of these genes in the etiology and therapy of lung cancer is now being assessed. Another microarray study reported on the effect of smoking on gene expression in normal bronchial epithelial samples from 75 individuals without cancer (58). Differential analysis of 7119 transcripts revealed that smoking induced the transcription of several putative oncogenes and reduced transcription of several putative TSGs. Importantly, the study indicated, which changes were irreversible after cessation of smoking. Thirteen gene transcripts did not return to normal levels in former smokers, even in those who had discontinued smoking 20 years before testing. For example, transcript expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-related cell adhesion molecule 6 and HN1 (a member of the human Notch family) was permanently increased, whereas expression of TU3A (a gene previously isolated from renal cell cancer) and CX3CL1 (a chemokine ligand) was permanently decreased. These results are interesting, because these genes were not previously associated with lung carcinogenesis. Gene expression microarrays are also being developed to predict lung cancer histology and outcome (59). A panel of 50 transcripts, including HER2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA, was reported to separate patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma into two groups with different prognosis (60). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is currently testing the prognostic value of this transcript panel in stages I to II adenocarcinoma patients.
Roles of Beclin1 protein expression in cervical cancer: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Guan-Ying Ma, Shuai Shi, Hong-Yan Ma, Zhi-Gang Zhang
As shown in Figure 1 and Table 1, duplicate studies, including review literature and animal experiments were excluded by reading the abstract. After preliminary search, a total of 128 literatures were selected. After further screening, a total of 33 literatures (Zhang XN et al. 2018; Liu Y et al. 2019; Zhou M et al. 2020) were included in qualitative synthesis. Finally, only 21 literatures discussing the relationship between Beclin1 expression and clinicopathological or prognostic expression indexes of cervical cancer were included (Zhang J et al. 2019; Li XL et al. 2020; Sun XD et al. 2021). Exclusion criteria are as follows: (1) repeated publication or repetition of research. (2) only proceedings, reviews and abstracts of research; (3) to study the expression of maspin by Western blot, RT-qPCR, cDNA microarray or transcriptome sequencing; (4) insufficient data (Figure 1).
Identifying and clinically validating biomarkers for immunotherapy in colorectal cancer
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2023
Yung-Sung Yeh, Hsiang-Lin Tsai, Po-Jung Chen, Yen-Cheng Chen, Wei-Chih Su, Tsung-Kun Chang, Ching-Wen Huang, Jaw-Yuan Wang
Maspin can be down- or upregulated in tumors but the significance of these changes, correlated with maspin subcellular localization, compared with parental tissues, is far to be understood. Most of the published papers refer to maspin expression in carcinomas [74,75]. In the previously published reports, maspin was examined in particular in breast carcinoma and CRC, but it was reported to also mark carcinomas of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, larynx, lung, pancreas, thyroid, prostate, ovary, and urinary bladder.