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Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) refers to a group of bowel disorders that are characterized by abdominal discomfort, pain when passing stools, changes in normal bowel habits and disordered stool passing (Bull and Plummer, 2015). Although the cause of IBS is possibly due to numerous factors such as genetics, infection and immunity, it is the variation in the microbiota of the gut that causes the low-grade intestinal inflammation found associated with the syndrome (Guinane and Cotter, 2013). When dysbiosis of the gut occurs, pathogenic microbes may attach themselves and cause the symptoms seen in IBS (Rinttilä et al., 2011). It was reported that the composition of the gut changes when IBS is present in that there is a twofold increase in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (Ponnusamy et al., 2011)
Human Gut Microbiota–Transplanted Gn Pig Models for HRV Infection
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
In HGM transplanted pigs, phyla represented in UHGM pigs were similar to those in the human infant samples, with Firmicutes being the most abundant. Firmicutes were also the most abundant phylum in the healthy human infant stool sample. Conversely, Proteobacteria or Bacteroidetes was the most abundant phyla in HHGM pigs with Firmicutes being second or third in mean relative abundance. There were significantly more Firmicutes in UHGM pigs than in HHGM pigs at PID28. After VirHRV challenge on PCD7, the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes had significantly higher mean relative abundance in the UHGM pigs while the mean relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was significantly higher in HHGM pigs. When evaluating microbiome shifts in HHGM pigs before and after VirHRV, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were shown to be significantly decreased while Bacteroidetes significantly increased in mean relative abundance. There were no significant changes in gut phyla composition in UHGM between pre- and post-VirHRV challenge samples (Twitchell et al., 2016).
Gynecologic Cancers and Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Nathalie D. McKenzie, Nnamdi I. Gwacham, Sarfraz Ahmad
Furthermore, the abundance of the microbial phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroides was significantly increased in the tumors of obese women with endometrioid EC compared to nonobese women, with overlap seen in obesity-associated microbiota between mice and women.75 The overgrowth of Firmicutes species in the obese setting results in dysbiosis and can produce oncogenic effects.68,77 Overall, it can be concluded that the obesity estrogen metabolism pathways simultaneously modulate both the gut and uterine microbiome.78,79 This finding has strong implications in gynecologic cancer prevention and control as both risk factors are amenable to modification though lifestyle and dietary interventions.
Non-pharmacological treatments for pediatric refractory epilepsies
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2022
Eleonora Rotondo, Antonella Riva, Alessandro Graziosi, Noemi Pellegrino, Caterina Di Battista, Vincenzo Di Stefano, Pasquale Striano
The underlying mechanism of these diets always dwells on ketone body production [15], which are pointed out as the main mediators of the anticonvulsant effect [4]. However, additional mechanisms have recently been highlighted, particularly those centered around the gut microbiota, which includes the bacterial species inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract of which about 90% are Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, whereas the remaining are Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia [16]. The KD acts by reducing the alfa-diversity and increasing the relative abundance of selected taxa, such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Parabacteroides merdae [8,17]. Hence, ketosis alone may not be sufficient to provide KD-mediated seizure control. All the mechanisms through which the KD may exerts its anticonvulsant effect are resumed in Figure 1, while its indications and contraindications are shown in Table 1.
Impact of type 1 diabetes on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents: possible mechanisms, current knowledge, and challenges
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Pari Mokhtari, Julie Metos, Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
Firmicutes belong to gram-negative bacteria and one of the major phyla that has the most common organisms in human gut microbiota. The intestinal microbiota of healthy people is dominated by Firmicutes phyla.27,45 It is well documented that the proportions of Firmicutes phyla are higher in healthy control group as compared to children with T1D.44,45,47,58,69 Indeed, the Firmicutes sequences convey an inverse pattern in the microbiome composition of the children with T1D. Firmicutes sequences decline overtime in T1D whereas increase in healthy children.58 A recent study analyzed the gut microbiome in four different groups that include newly diagnosed T1D children, children who tested positive for one to four autoantibodies, seronegative first-degree relatives and healthy controls.65 The abundance of Firmicutes were different among the four groups suggesting the possible link between seropositive group with more than one autoantibody and alteration in the abundance of Firmicutes bacterium.65 These results are consistent with two other studies conducted in Finland.57,58
Lactobacillus lactis CKDB001 ameliorate progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through of gut microbiome: addendum
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Na Young Lee, Hyun Chae Joung, Byoung Kook Kim, Byung Yong Kim, Tae Sik Park, Ki Tae Suk
In the phylum analysis of animal stool samples, the compositions of Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Deferribacters, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and others (Under 1% on average) were different that the normal control [3%, 2%, 0%, 2%, 52%, 41%, and 1%], the Western diet [1%, 7%, 5%, 4%, 2%, 72%, and 0%], and the L. lactis [7%, 19%, 0%, 0%, 5%, 68%, and 1%] (Figure 3a). Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are major phylum of domain bacteria and are dominant in human gut microbiota. The Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) is correlated with obesity and other diseases. Elevated F/B ratio in the western diet group (47.1) was decreased in L. lactis group (Figure 3b). We evaluated the difference between groups by utilizing distance measures of beta diversity. In the analytics for beta diversity for the relationship between microbiome taxonomic profiling, each group showed a different location (Figure 3c). In the comparison of prevalent species that commonly exist in groups, the composition was different among groups (Figure 3d). The species with high percentage in each group (but not all species) were selected and compared by heatmap (Figure 3e). Interestingly, A. muciniphila which is known to be beneficial microbiome, was increased in the L. lactis group [19.4%] compared with the Western diet group (Figure 4, Table 3).