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Orchidopexy
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Some undescended testes in humans may be caused by androgen or INSL3 deficiency, and also from physiologic or anatomic abnormalities of the genitofemoral nerve or its neurotransmitter, CGRP. The common cause of maldescent is failed gubernacular migration, leaving the testes in the groin, or so-called “superficial inguinal pouch,” caused by abnormal anatomic or hormone development. Rarely, undescended testes are caused by recognized anomalies in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis or in the secretion or action of androgen, INSL3 and AMH. Recognizable hormonal syndromes, however, are rare causes of cryptorchidism in clinical practice.
The Infertile Male
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
Thoraya Ammar, C. Jason Wilkins, Dean C.Y. Huang, Paul S. Sidhu
Scrotal ultrasound confirms the clinical diagnosis of cryptorchidism by demonstrating the absence of the testis within the scrotal sac. As most undescended testes are located within the inguinal canal, ultrasound may also directly visualize the testis in this location (Figure 7.12). Either abdominal computed tomography (CT) or MRI evaluation is useful in cases where the undescended testis is not identified with ultrasound, as the testis may lie within the abdomen.
Testicular cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Risk factors for the development of GCT include prior history of GCT, cryptorchidism, infertility, testicular dysgenesis, and a positive family history (3). A previous diagnosis of testicular cancer increases the risk of developing a subsequent (metachronous) testicular tumour by around 12-fold (5). Cryptorchidism is associated with a two- to fourfold increased risk of testicular cancer. Correction of cryptorchidism at a young age by orchidopexy, particularly before the age of 4 and at latest by the age of 10 (i.e. before puberty), reduces risk of testicular cancer, but it still remains higher than that for the general population. Other urological mal-developments associated with an increased risk of testicular cancer include inguinal hernia and hydrocoele.
Testicular developmental impairment caused by flutamide-induced and DEHP-induced cryptorchid rat models is mediated by excessive apoptosis and deficient autophagy
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2018
Yi Wei, Yu Zhou, Xiang-Liang Tang, Bin Liu, Lian-Ju Shen, Chun-lan Long, Tao Lin, Da-wei He, Sheng-de Wu, Guang-hui Wei
Cryptorchidism is a common condition of childhood, and it is estimated to affect 1–4% of full-term and up to 30% of preterm male neonates (Berkowitz et al. 1993; Hutson et al. 1997; Chung and Brock 2011). The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and associated inguinal hernia (Sampaio and Favorito 1998; Kolon et al. 2014). The surgical therapy for the cryptorchidism is orchiopexy. However, the sperm concentration and total sperm count of patients underwent orchidopexy were also reported reduced (Kollin et al. 2012). While means the effective therapy and prevention of cryptorchidism is still poorly understood and underlying mechanisms of testicular impairment caused by cryptorchidism need further study.
The effects and molecular mechanism of heat stress on spermatogenesis and the mitigation measures
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Yuanyuan Gao, Chen Wang, Kaixian Wang, Chaofan He, Ke Hu, Meng Liang
Cryptorchidism is a condition in which the male testicles do not descend properly into the scrotum (Figure 1). A common clinical symptom of cryptorchidism is the phenomenon of testicular heat exposure (Rodprasert et al. 2019). As the temperature inside the testicles rises, the germ cells experience a fierce oxidative stress response, inducing apoptosis of germ cells, increasing sperm damage, and reducing male fertility (Robin et al. 2010). Cryptorchidism is a common congenital malformation in which one or both testicles are abnormally developed and unable to enter the scrotum properly, a condition that occurs mainly in newborn male children. It is one of the most common causes of non-occlusive azoospermia in men (Gurney et al. 2017).
Frequent azoospermia in patients with testicular germ cell cancer and a history of cryptorchidism: a report of nine cases and review of the literature
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2021
Jun Hagiuda, Ken Nakagawa, Mototsugu Oya
Testicular germ cell tumor, is the most common type of testicular cancer, of which cryptorchidism, and male infertility are closely related entities. A history of cryptorchidism is a risk factor for testicular malignancy. There are reports that the risk of testicular cancer increases by 2–4.8 times when there is a history of cryptorchidism (Dieckmann and Pichlmeier 2004; Thorup and Cortes 2016; Schneuer et al. 2018) and the incidence becomes even higher when surgical intervention is delayed (Garner et al. 2005; Thorup and Cortes 2016; Schneuer et al. 2018).