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Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
In a study comparing the Italian diet (containing less fiber, and more animal proteins, fat, and starch) with the diet of Burkino Faso, Africa (containing more plant proteins and fiber, and fewer animal proteins, fat, and starch), an increased number of Firmicutes instead of Bacteroidetes were observed in kids from Burkina Faso [19]. There is a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in the Chinese diet, which is rich in animal products when compared with vegetarian Indian diet [35].
Lifestyle Factors in Cancer Survivorship
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
The biodiversity of the gut and skin bacteria deteriorates over time unless extra dietary measures are undertaken. Anti-inflammatory microbiota tend to diminish with age, whereas inflammatory and pathogenic microbiota increase as people become older. Dietary choices have a big influence, as ultimately, the bacteria in our gut are derived from the food and drink we consume. Probiotic bacteria occur naturally in many fruits and vegetables, as well as in a range of fermented foods such as live yoghurt and kefir, aged and blue veined cheeses, miso soup, kimchi and tempeh, and sauerkraut and pickled vegetables. Foods that promote healthy bacterial growth (known as prebiotics) are equally important. These stimulate the growth of healthy Bacteroidetes and impair the growth of bad Firmicutes. The two main groups are polyphenols and soluble fibers.
Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Probiotics
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Milena Fernandes da Silva, Meire dos Santos Falcão de Lima, Attilio Converti
Members of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla predominate in gut microbiota, while those of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia are less abundant (Sivaprakasam et al. 2016). Bacteria of gut microbiota produce a large number of different metabolites acting as messengers between them and the host (Pluznick 2016, Sivaprakasam et al. 2018).
Hemophore-like proteins produced by periodontopathogens are recognized by the host immune system and react differentially with IgG antibodies
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Michał Śmiga, Klaudia Siemińska, Soraya C. Trindade, Isaac S. Gomes-Filho, Ellen K. Nobre dos Santos, Teresa Olczak
As part of the infective process, host-associated oral members of the Bacteroidetes phylum (represented mainly by P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and P. intermedia) must acquire heme, which is indispensable for life and enables them to survive and multiply at the infection site. P. gingivalis uses a newly discovered unique Hmu heme uptake system, in which a leading role is played by the HmuY protein [13–16]. HmuY, the first member of a novel family of hemophore-like proteins, is responsible for acquiring heme and increasing virulence of this periodontopathogen. Other hemophore-like proteins, which belong to the HmuY family, are T. forsythia Tfo [15] and P. intermedia PinO (the protein encoded on the megaplasmid) and P. intermedia PinA (the protein encoded on the large chromosome) [17]. Also, P. gingivalis HusA exhibits hemophore-like properties, albeit distinct from HmuY protein [18,19].
Metagenomics study on taxonomic and functional change of gut microbiota in patients with obesity with PCOS treated with exenatide combination with metformin or metformin alone
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2023
Jingwen Gan, Jie Chen, Rui-Lin Ma, Yan Deng, Xue-Song Ding, Shi-Yang Zhu, Ai-Jun Sun
To further investigate the meaningful different microbial changes between the COM and MF groups, we used the LDA effect size (LEfSe) method. In our study, Verrucomicrobiales, Akkermansia, Bacteroides_xylanisolvens, Clostridium innocuum were greater dominant in the MF group. Huang et al. [47] has reported that metformin could increase intestinal Akkermansia abundance, reduce serum IFN-γ levels, and inhibit macrophage apoptosis in the ovary. Apoptosis of macrophage can disrupt the production of estrogen and promote granulosa cell apoptosis. Therefore, inhibition of macrophage apoptosis can improve the clinical phenotype of PCOS. On the other hand, Akkermansia plays a role in the prevention and treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic dysfunctions [48], which is of great benefit to alleviate metabolic disorders in patients with obesity with PCOS. Bacteroidetes are widely recognized as beneficial intestinal flora due to alleviating inflammation by modulating lymphocyte and cytokine expression, controlling metabolism and preventing cancer. Bacteroides_xylanisolvens is the first food-added ingredient approved by the European Commission [49]. There is currently no consensus on the association of Clostridium innocuum with intestinal function. Ha et al. [50] have pointed out that it may play a protective role in the intestine, while Cherny et al. [51] has found that Clostridium innocuum is an emerging gastrointestinal opportunistic pathogen that causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
Can we reduce autism-related gastrointestinal and behavior problems by gut microbiota based dietary modulation? A review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Nalan Hakime Nogay, Marcia Nahikian-Nelms
Vitamin A can regulate the development of the central nervous system through its active metabolite retinoic acid, which is an important factor in preserving the mucosal epithelial integrity [12]. Some studies showed that children with autism had a lower vitamin A intake compared with neurotypical children [85]. In a study on 64 children with autism, aged 1–8 years, with inadequate plasma retinol levels (<1.05 µ/L), 200,000 IU of vitamin A were administered orally once. A stool sample analysis after 6 months showed an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, and Prevotella, a decrease in those of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Escherichia–Shigella, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium, but no change in autism symptoms [12]. Vitamin D is a neuroactive steroid with a neuroprotective effect. Children with autism have a lower vitamin D level compared with their healthy peers [86]. A study showed that children with autism, aged 3–13 years, who were administered vitamin D 300 IU/(kg day) for 4 months exhibited improvements in terms of behavioral problems [87]. Healthy adults, who were administered vitamin D3 for 8 weeks (980 IU/kg in the first 4 weeks and 490 IU/kg in the next 4 weeks) showed decreased richness of Escherichia/Shigella spp. and increased bacterial richness in the GI tract. An increase in bacterial richness is particularly beneficial for GI problems [88].