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Miscellaneous inflammatory diseases
Published in Aimilios Lallas, Enzo Errichetti, Dimitrios Ioannides, Dermoscopy in General Dermatology, 2018
Enzo Errichetti, Aimilios Lallas
Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis often extending to the foreskin (balanoposthitis), which may be due to several conditions, especially psoriasis, plasma cell (Zoon) balanitis, candidal balanitis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosus, Reiter syndrome, and fixed drug eruption. Instead, erythroplasia of Queyrat is a form of penile intraepithelial neoplasia.16
Infections and treatment guidelines
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
Balanitis is a common condition, defined as inflammation of the glans penis, often involving the prepuce (balanoposthitis). It is a collection of disparate conditions with similar clinical presentation and varying aetiologies.
The abdominal wall and inguinoscrotal conditions
Published in Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague, Paediatric Surgical Diagnosis, 2018
Spencer W. Beasley, John Hutson, Mark Stringer, Sebastian K. King, Warwick J. Teague
The penis may become red, swollen and painful, secondary to balanoposthitis (often simply called ‘balanitis’). This is a superficial infection of the foreskin, and is often due to infected pooled urine or partially expelled smegma between the glans and foreskin. The infection can produce rapid swelling. Occasionally, painless penile swelling may be part of idiopathic scrotal oedema.
CARMIL2 Immunodeficiency with Epstein Barr Virus Associated Smooth Muscle Tumor (EBV-SMT). Report of a Case with Comprehensive Review of Literature
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Mukul Vij, Meena Sivasankaran, Dhaarani Jayaraman, Srinivas Sankaranarayanan, Vimal Kumar, Deenadayalan Munirathnam, Julius Scott
A 5-year-old boy presented with recurrent abdominal pain for the past one year. Ultrasound (USG) of the abdomen revealed a fusiform dilatation of common bile duct suggestive of forme fruste choledochal cyst and two small hypoechoic lesions in the liver, the larger measuring 1.7 cm., with enlarged periportal lymph nodes. He underwent excision of choledochal cyst with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy and periportal lymph node sampling demonstrated reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. No biopsy from the liver lesion was performed. Recurrent abdominal pain continued. His history included recurrent respiratory infections, recurrent lower limb ecthyma associated with inguinal lymphadenopathy responsive to antibiotics, and balanitis xerotica. HIV serology was negative. T and B lymphocyte subset analysis showed below normal CD4 counts with upregulation of CD 8 [CD3-3215 cells/ul (reference range: 1424–2662) and CD3-2005 cells/ul (reference range: 602–1203), with reduced CD4-980cells/ul (reference range: 1000–1931) and NK cells (116 cells/ul) (reference range: 130–720). Immunoglobulin profiles showed IgG 1750 mg/dl (reference range: 700–1600), IgA-444 mg/dl (reference range: 60–400), and IgM-528mg/dl (reference range: 60–300). Clinical exome sequencing revealed heterozygous nonsynonymous variation (c.1736G > A) located on exon 16 of the NFKB1 gene at a depth of 134X. Sequencing of the asymptomatic mother revealed homozygous mutation at c.1736G > A (p.Arg579Lys) position located on exon 16 of the NFKB1 gene, classified as a variant of uncertain significance. There was no family history of consanguinity.
An evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of adult phimosis. A systematic review of the evidence
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Anna Lygas, Hrishikesh Bhaskar Joshi
The differential diagnosis of foreskin pathologies in male patients, that can present as or with phimosis, include sexually transmitted diseases and skin problems such as lichen planus, psoriasis, eczema, squamous skin carcinoma, and zoon balanitis [14]. Despite clear morbidity and mortality associated with LS the number of studies focusing on the adult male population, with proven LS, are relatively small and the evidence behind the treatments, especially pharmacological treatments, in adults remains unclear. It is likely that pharmacological treatments are followed more commonly in the men who avoid surgical treatment such as circumcision. The objective of this study was to evaluate pharmacotherapeutic options in adult population with phimosis or LS and report on their outcomes. It is expected that the review will highlight the areas for the future research.
Penile Sparing Techniques For Penile Cancer
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Malignant penile lesions include basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, sarcomas, adenocarcinoma, and metastatic lesions; however, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic subtype and is the focus of this review. Penile cancers are predominantly distal with 58% of penile cancer cases occurring on the glans, 16% on the foreskin, 9% on both the glans and foreskin, 2% on the shaft, 1% on the glans and shaft with the remaining 13% at unspecified sites [9]. Several risk factors have been associated with penile cancer. Newborn circumcision is associated with an estimated 22-fold reduction in the lifetime development of penile cancer [10]. Interestingly, adult circumcision does not offer the same prophylactic benefits [11]. Circumcision is thought to eliminate the closed glanular environment that leads to chronic inflammatory states including phimosis, balanitis, and smegma retention. Inflammatory conditions and carcinogenic exposures including lichen sclerosis/balanitis xerotica obliterans, penile trauma, psoralen UV-A photochemotherapy, and tobacco use are recognized as significant risk factors to the development of penile cancer [12,13]. HPV has garnered increased attention due to its role in the development of other malignancies. While there are several HPV subtypes, serotypes 16 and 18 are associated with a higher risk of malignancy [14]. HPV is associated with 22–66% of all penile cancers with the basaloid and warty subtypes showing the highest association [15,16]