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Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
To cite just one example, mice and other rodents are susceptible to infection with the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. When the microbiota of infected and uninfected, control mice were compared, it was found to differ significantly (Figure 5.21). Indicators of colitis severity were also elevated in infected mice. Finally, it was demonstrated that mice infected with the nematode displayed higher levels of Treg activation and IL-10 production: components of the host immune response to helminths discussed in Chapter 4. These data suggest that the reduced inflammatory response observed in helminth infections alters the microbiota of the host in a manner that may increase the likelihood of infection with opportunistic pathogens. Similar results have also been observed in humans. When people in Malaysia who were infected with Trichuris trichiura were compared to uninfected individuals, significant differences were observed in the microbiota (see also Figure 6.3).
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Trichuriasis, or whipworm infection, is cosmopolitan in warm, moist areas. Adult whipworms are 3 to 5mm long, with a slender, whip-like anterior end used to thread its way into the colonic mucosa (32). Whipworm eggs are barrel shaped, with a thick shell and plugs at each end (Fig. 7). Humans are the definitive host for Trichuris trichiura. Whipworm eggs pass in feces into the soil for further development. Infective eggs are ingested and hatched. The larvae migrate to the large intestine, where they mature to adulthood. The adult worms may remain in the colon for more than 10 years. Whipworm infection is diagnosed by finding eggs in feces (32).
Mucosal responses to helminth infections
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
William Gause, Richard Grencis
Trichinella spiralis is a cosmopolitan and unusual parasite of mammals that infects the host as an L1 larval stage found in striated muscle (infected meat normally) and invades the epithelium of the small intestine. The value of this model in mice is that it generates a very robust immune response in the intestine with rapid clearance of the parasites. Trichuris muris is a natural parasite of the mouse, lives embedded within the epithelium of the large intestine, and is an excellent model for human whipworm infection (the second most prevalent human STH, T. trichiura), which occupies the same intestinal niche. This model can also be manipulated in the laboratory to induce strong host protective immunity or chronic infection. The use of this array of model systems has generated the current view of host immunity to this group of mucosal pathogens in addition to identifying novel aspects of mucosal immune responses.
Identifying the response process validity of clinical vignette-type multiple choice questions: An eye-tracking study
Published in Medical Teacher, 2023
Francisco Carlos Specian Junior, Thiago Martins Santos, John Sandars, Eliana Martorano Amaral, Dario Cecilio-Fernandes
Boy, 4 years old, complaining of perianal itching, exacerbated at night with restless sleep and irritability. The older brother has had similar symptoms for about a month. Physical examination: no changes. The cause is infection with:Trichuris Trichiura.Enterobius vermicularis.Ancylostoma duodenalis.Strongyloides stercoralis.Typical HCQ
Parasites in surgically removed appendices as a neglected public health concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Aida Vafae Eslahi, Meysam Olfatifar, Elham Houshmand, Amir Abdoli, Behzad Bijani, Sima Hashemipour, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Elham Hajialilo, Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar, Ali Reza Mohammadzadeh, Milad Badri
Trichuris trichiura is usually a mild to moderate infection with minor clinical symptoms, so the infection may remain untreated for several years [35]. Colonic obstruction and perforation are two major side-effects of whipworm infection [39]. We found that the highest prevalence rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura in appendicitis were in Asian (0.020 %, 95% CI; 0.001 to 0.067) and South-American (0.012%, 95% CI; 0.009 to 0.016) countries, respectively (Supplementary Table 2). Ascariasis is mostly common in warm and humid regions and it is prevalent in more than 150 countries in the world, with 75% of cases found in Central and Southeast Asia [40]. Trichuriasis is also highly prevalent in areas with hot and moist conditions such as Asia, Africa, and South America [41].
Oxfendazole: a promising agent for the treatment and control of helminth infections in humans
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Armando E. Gonzalez, Ellen E. Codd, John Horton, Hector H. Garcia, Robert H. Gilman
Oxfendazole, like most benzimidazoles, has a very broad spectrum of activity. Although no data exist for human-infecting nematode species in vitro or in vivo, OXF has an excellent profile against a wide range of animal-infecting intestinal nematode species. Good activity is therefore expected against the similar human gut nematode species. Recent studies, using validated in vitro and in vivo models of filarial infections that reflect likely macrofilaricidal activity in human filarial infections, have shown that oxfendazole has excellent oral activity which is comparable to flubendazole which, until now, has been considered to be the only BZ with macrofilaricidal activity [34–36]. Work toward a proof of concept OXF efficacy study (NCT03435718) in patients infected with Trichuris trichiura is underway.