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Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Trichuriasis, or whipworm infection, is cosmopolitan in warm, moist areas. Adult whipworms are 3 to 5mm long, with a slender, whip-like anterior end used to thread its way into the colonic mucosa (32). Whipworm eggs are barrel shaped, with a thick shell and plugs at each end (Fig. 7). Humans are the definitive host for Trichuris trichiura. Whipworm eggs pass in feces into the soil for further development. Infective eggs are ingested and hatched. The larvae migrate to the large intestine, where they mature to adulthood. The adult worms may remain in the colon for more than 10 years. Whipworm infection is diagnosed by finding eggs in feces (32).
Trichuris
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cristina Cutillas, Rocío Callejón
Trichuriasis is the third most common roundworm infection of humans. Whipworm disease is a common intestinal infection with a worldwide distribution, although it is more prevalent and severe in tropical and subtropical regions where warm, humid, and poor sanitation practices favor the parasitism. It is rare or nonexistent in arid, very hot, or very cold regions. It is estimated that 902 million people are infected worldwide.20
Mebendazole
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Trichuris trichiunra inhabits the lower intestine, and the poorer cure rates that have been seen with many anthelmintics have been attributed to lower drug exposures and dilution effects in the colon. Early studies of both mebendazole and albendazole suggested that efficacy was low, but more recent data suggest that mebendazole, both as a single dose or with the standard 100 mg twice-daily regimen, may be more effective than first believed. Given the dilution hypothesis, more frequent dosing would make sense. Legesse et al. (2004) reported that the 3-day regimen using the originator product was 90% effective, with an egg reduction rate of 99%. Jackson et al. (1998), using the single 500-mg dose regimen, reported an 85% cure rate with a somewhat lower egg reduction. In contrast, Sorensen et al. (1996) reported poor cure rates, below 25%. In two recent large studies covering seven countries, efficacy to a single 500-mg dose ranged from 40–70%, whereas the same dose given for 3 days was more effective (71%) (Levecke et al., 2014; Steinmann et al., 2011). It is important to note, however, that unlike other intestinal helminth infections, anthelmintic efficacy is inversely related to the initial egg load, although this is less pronounced with mebendazole than albendazole (Levecke et al. 2014). Thus although mebendazole may be effective for trichuriasis, it is necessary to follow patients carefully after treatment.
Parasites in surgically removed appendices as a neglected public health concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Aida Vafae Eslahi, Meysam Olfatifar, Elham Houshmand, Amir Abdoli, Behzad Bijani, Sima Hashemipour, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Elham Hajialilo, Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar, Ali Reza Mohammadzadeh, Milad Badri
Trichuris trichiura is usually a mild to moderate infection with minor clinical symptoms, so the infection may remain untreated for several years [35]. Colonic obstruction and perforation are two major side-effects of whipworm infection [39]. We found that the highest prevalence rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura in appendicitis were in Asian (0.020 %, 95% CI; 0.001 to 0.067) and South-American (0.012%, 95% CI; 0.009 to 0.016) countries, respectively (Supplementary Table 2). Ascariasis is mostly common in warm and humid regions and it is prevalent in more than 150 countries in the world, with 75% of cases found in Central and Southeast Asia [40]. Trichuriasis is also highly prevalent in areas with hot and moist conditions such as Asia, Africa, and South America [41].
Anemia in Sri Lanka: A Literature Review
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
A. A. Dinusha S. Amarasingha, H. J. Ruwindi L. Silva, P. Shiromi Perera, Anuja P. Premawardhena
In the early 2000s, almost all of the studies conducted in school children had focused on overall anemia with contribution of iron deficiency to a total anemia burden [18,39]. Importantly, none of these studies had paid any attention to the study of hemoglobinopathies including α-thal; in this high prevalence region, they are very likely to have overestimated the true burden of IDA. The national prevalence of IDA in preschoolers [21] and school children [27] was 52.3 and 30.5%, respectively, which denotes that IDA is a major contributing factor for anemia. However, the reported prevalence of these studies varies significantly [19,21,27]. Some other studies had tried to assess the contribution of other nutritional deficiencies to the anemia [32,39]. The prevalence of folate deficiency in school children in the Galle District was 54.6% in males and 52.5% in females in 2007 [34]. Another study reported that the prevalence of serum folate deficiency was 28.0% in the female adolescent school dropouts [39]. Of these, very few studies attempted to assess the contribution of parasitic infections to the total anemia burden. Parasitic infestations such as hookworm, roundworm and whipworm infection had been reported as causes for anemia in some areas [16,26,27]. Of these, the highest prevalence was reported in Veddah (aborigines of Sri Lanka) children in Dambana [16]. The national survey revealed that prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm infection was 2.8, 4.0 and 1.2%, respectively [19].
High burden of soil-transmitted helminth infections, schistosomiasis, undernutrition, and poor sanitation in two Typhoon Haiyan-stricken provinces in Eastern Philippines
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Vicente Belizario, John Paul Caesar Robles Delos Trinos, Olivia Sison, Esther Miranda, Victorio Molina, Agnes Cuayzon, Maria Epifania Isiderio, Rodel Delgado
Ascariasis and trichuriasis prevalence was not significantly different in PSAC (p-value = 0.19). Among SAC, however, trichuriasis prevalence was significantly higher than ascariasis prevalence (p-value = <0.001). This may be due to the lower efficacy against trichuriasis of albendazole, which is the drug used in school-based targeted PC[1]. The low hookworm infection prevalence may reflect the limitation of Kato–Katz technique, wherein hookworm ova disintegrate hours after smear preparation [26], as well as the difference in transmission. Hookworm infection is transmitted through larval skin penetration and may be more common in adults in certain occupations such as farming, compared with ascariasis and trichuriasis, which are transmitted through ingestion of ova and are more common in children [13,32].