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Vaccinations
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Joshua H. Barash, Edward M. Buchanan
Td (tetanus toxoid, reduced inactivated diphtheria toxoid) is a tetanus vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid as well (Table 40.1). Tetanus in newborn infants, once common, is prevented if the mother has been immunized, because the immune mother passes antibodies to the fetus across the placenta. Maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination has been shown to be up to 98% effective in preventing neonatal tetanus [25]. Td effectiveness in preventing neonatal deaths was 62% [26]. The WHO estimates that 1.5 million cases of neonatal tetanus have been prevented since a 1989 initiative to eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus.
Introduction to Vaccination
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Nezih Pişkinpaşa, Ömer Faruk Karasakal
In a study, tetanus toxoid was utilized in combination with DNA vaccines designed from tumor-based antigens. In this study, mice preconditioned with tetanus toxoid were immunized with a granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) overexpressing the tumor cell-based vaccine (GVAX). In this way, it has been observed that cervical tumor growth is reduced, and the immune response is increased for human papillomavirus. As a result, it has been revealed that preconditioning with tetanus toxoid before vaccination with a tumor cell-based vaccine overexpressing GM-CSF may be a powerful strategy to target human papillomavirus-associated specific E7 cervical malignancy (Alson et al. 2020). Also, in another study, a phase 2 randomized controlled trial of meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT) was conducted in elderly individuals. The safety and immunogenicity of MenACYW-TT was evaluated by comparing it with a tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4) in 301 healthy adults of 56 years and older in the USA. As a result, the MenACYW-TT conjugate vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in adults aged 56 and over (Kirstein et al. 2020).
Hormones as Immune Modulating Agents
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Aged female monkeys were treated with recombinant human GH or IGF-I for 7 weeks. Both treatments affected lymphocyte phenotype, which differed in blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. In the blood, the percentage of B cells and CD8+ cells rose after IGF therapy that caused a fall in the CD4/CD8 ratio. In the spleen, the CD4/CD8 ratio nearly doubled. In the spleen, combined treatment with GH and IGF-I increased the percentage of T cells. Both treatments increased the antibody response to tetanus toxoid [93].
Antenatal vaccination for influenza and pertussis: a call to action
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Despoina Gkentzi, Maria Zorba, Markos Marangos, Ageliki Vervenioti, Ageliki Karatza, Gabriel Dimitriou
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), in the last two decades, the global mortality of children < 5 years of age has declined. However, neonatal mortality has decreased at a much slower pace. (http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2015). Neonates and infants in the first few months of life have an immature and relatively ineffective immune system. Therefore, there is need for the global health community to identify and implement effective strategies in the field. Maternal vaccination has been recognised as an important public health intervention to protect both pregnant women and their offspring from various infectious diseases. The combination of improved hygienic practices during delivery as well as the universally recommended maternal tetanus toxoid vaccine administration have resulted in a 92% reduction of neonatal tetanus mortality (Healy 2012).
Development of an effective liposomal cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) vaccine for protecting against atherosclerosis in rabbit model
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Tamara Aghebati, Mahdieh Arabsalmani, Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour, Mohammad Afshar, Mahmoud Reza Jaafari, Khalil Abnous, Saeed Nazemi, Ali Badiee
Vaccination by PC, both passive and active, have decreased atherosclerosis in mice (Faria-Neto et al. 2006; Caligiuri et al. 2007). PC is an antigen exposed after oxidation of LDL and can stimulate an immune response (Faria-Neto et al. 2006). Anti-PC antibodies can also react with oxLDL via the molecular similarity (Binder et al. 2003). Among the various mechanisms that explain this protective property, the blockade of the uptake of oxLDL by macrophages and reduced formation of foam cells after pneumococcal vaccination has been mostly proposed (Horkko et al. 1999; Caligiuri et al. 2007). There is some other evidence that reports immunization by PC with strong adjuvants like keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) drives a specific anti-PC humeral response which also reacts with oxLDL (Caligiuri et al. 2007). We used a peptide sequence from tetanus toxoid (TT) which acts as a strong adjuvant, so whether the suggested protective mechanism can be associated with our vaccine formulation or not, must be investigated in the future studies. The possibility of the proposed mechanism becomes stronger especially when the atheroprotective effect was not found with empty liposomes. In our study, Lip-CETP did not change the level of lipoproteins compared to buffer. This finding is in agreement with the study has reported that the production of anti-PC does not result in a change in the clearance of oxLDL (Binder and Silverman 2005).
Effect of lead exposure and nutritional iron-deficiency on immune response: A vaccine challenge study in rats
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Srinivasa Reddy Yathapu, Narendra Babu Kondapalli, Sarath Babu Srivalliputturu, Rajkumar Hemalatha, Dinesh Kumar Bharatraj
Tetanus vaccine (TT) is a common prophylactic, being administered throughout life as a booster in the case of host injury. In India, a regular “scheduled 7 doses” of tetanus vaccination is part of the “Universal Immunization Program” (UIP). Studies of the immune responses in vaccinated children in Gabon (Central Africa) revealed that those who received this vaccination had stronger TH2 than TH1 cytokine profiles (Riet et al. 2008). Based on that finding and in light of the information above, that is, that Fe-deficiency as well as Pb toxicity interferes with host immune responses, the present study sought to investigate how concurrent states of Fe deficiency and potential Pb exposure/toxicity could impact on responses of children to such life-saving vaccines. To achieve this goal, immune parameters were evaluated in a rat model during Fe deficiency with/without concurrent Pb exposure. In particular, responses against tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine during these states was investigated to better define any potentiating effects from these dual burdens on immunocompetency – as might occur in children in developing nations.