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Immunization
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Michael F. Para, Susan L. Koletar, Carter L. Diggs
Killed or inactivated vaccines which consist of whole organisms include the traditional cholera and pertussis vaccines; those which consist of components or subunits of an organism include hepatitis B and the new “acellular” pertussis vaccines. Vaccines made from soluble capsular polysaccharide material include those against pneumococcal pneumonia and meningococcal meningitis. Vaccines prepared from microbial products include the toxoids which are prepared by modification of bacterial exotoxins to make them nontoxic. Toxoids are used for prevention of diphtheria, scarlet fever and tetanus.
Routine maternal immunizations for all pregnant women
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
It is seen from Tables 1 and 2 that a total of 6 vaccines should be used during each pregnancy and 12 vaccines that are licensed may be used if indicated. However, the vaccines that should be routinely administered to all pregnant women who have not been immunized previously are influenza, hepatitis A and hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (TdaP), and pneumococcal and meningococcal vaccines. It is tragic for any pregnant women to develop an infectious disease that is vaccine preventable. This universal approach is a change in practice from ignoring the pregnant woman and assuming she is protected to a policy of active inquiry as to her vaccine status and a program of active immunization. The result is protection of the pregnant women from disease and protection of the neonate for a variable length of time from passive maternal antibodies. The inactive vaccines and toxoids are safe to administer during pregnancy, and practicing obstetricians should adopt this positive management advance (2).
Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Antiserum is most effective if administered immediately after exposure. It is not completely effective in preventing pulmonary complications, even with immediate use, but it reduces death rates if given within 6 hr. Specific toxoid immunization has not been developed because of the system toxicity of the toxoid and local necrotizing effects of its injection.
Screening for depression during pregnancy using the Kurdish version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in Erbil city
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2020
Farah Jamal Ghazi Al-Hashimi, Shahla Kareem Alalaf, Namir G. Al Tawil
A convenience sample was taken from among all pregnant women attending ACUs in Erbil. The first ANC visit can be made during any trimester of pregnancy. Some women attend ACUs during early pregnancy and continue ANC visits until close to delivery, when they may be referred to the hospital depending on whether the pregnancy is considered low or high risk. Other women choose to attend the ACU at different stages of pregnancy. All pregnant women in the city, from all social classes, visit these centers at least twice to receive tetanus toxoid vaccinations. For this study, we included any client registering for ANC services on the days of data collection at any ACU facility. The number of women selected from each ANC center was proportional to the number of people living in that center’s coverage area. Pregnant women with physical disabilities that prevented them from reading, hearing, or communicating, or with a history of ongoing mental illness, were excluded from the study.
Maternal immunization: where are we now and how to move forward?
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2018
Ivo Vojtek, Ilse Dieussaert, T. Mark Doherty, Valentine Franck, Linda Hanssens, Jacqueline Miller, Rafik Bekkat-Berkani, Walid Kandeil, David Prado-Cohrs, Andrew Vyse
In 1989, the WHO, the United Nations Children’s Fund and the United Nations Population Fund launched an initiative to eliminate neonatal tetanus by 1995. Guidelines were later expanded to include maternal tetanus because tetanus also threatens women during pregnancy and delivery [29]. This initiative relied on specifically-designed local programs to increase immunization rates in pregnant women and improve birth hygiene and disease surveillance in high-risk regions [29]. As of 2015, approximately 148 million women of childbearing age (including pregnant women) have received at least two doses of tetanus toxoid vaccine through this initiative [29]. Although this approach has decreased neonatal tetanus by 96% compared to the late 1980s, the WHO estimated that 34,000 new-borns still died from the disease in 2015 [29]. As of June 2017, 16 countries were yet to eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus (i.e. reach a level of <1 case of neonatal tetanus per 1000 live births) [29].
Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2018
Volker Vetter, Gülhan Denizer, Leonard R. Friedland, Jyothsna Krishnan, Marla Shapiro
Some bacteria such as Clostridium tetani, Clostridium difficile or Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause disease by releasing pathogenic toxins. Vaccines against these diseases are produced by detoxifying the toxin using heat, chemicals (e.g. formaldehyde) or both. The inactivated toxins, called toxoids, are no longer pathogenic but retain their ability to induce toxin-neutralizing antibodies. Classical examples of toxoid vaccines are those against diphtheria and tetanus, which have been used since their discovery in the 1920s [44–46]. Pertussis toxoid is also included in all acellular pertussis vaccines [31]. Due to their good immunogenicity, toxoids are also used as carrier proteins for conjugate vaccines (see section 3.3.5) [47,48].