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Fungal Infections
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Uwe Wollina, Pietro Nenoff, Shyam Verma, Uta-Christina Hipler
Talaromycosis is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions in Southeast Asia and southern China and has become more frequent among HIV infected patients worldwide. Skin involvement with (verrucous) plaques, nodules, abscesses, and granulomas is frequent.
Fungal infections causing emergencies
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
R. Madhu, Pradeesh Arumugam, V. Hari Pankaj
Penicilliosis: Penicilliosis, now known as talaromycosis, is an AIDS-defining illness. Persons with AIDS with CD4 <200/μL, solid organ transplant, hematological malignancy, and connective tissue diseases on immunosuppression are the high-risk groups.
Heterocyclic Drugs from Plants
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Valeria Garcia, Felipe Gonzalez
Microorganisms can cause diseases although all microbes are not dangerous. Some bacteria prefer a warm habitat while others prefer colder settings. Some bacteria that live on/in human body can even support us to stay healthy. In human stomach there are innumerable bacteria including lactic acid bacteria which help in digesting food and medicines, are popularly known as good bacteria that come with food such as yogurt. Only a small percentage of bacteria cause various diseases, e.g., diarrhea, colds, or tonsillitis. Viruses have no cells, just contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both), and a protein coat, which encases the nucleic acid. Some viruses are also enclosed by an envelope formed by fat and protein molecules. Once they find suitable host cells, the infection starts. In its infective form, outside the cell, a virus particle is called virion. Some viruses attack the healthy good cells and cause ailments from influenza to more serious diseases like AIDS. For reproduction, the viruses must attack healthy cells, they cannot reproduce by their own. Sometimes viruses do not respond to medication, instead vaccine helps the body to make it less susceptible to the virus by recognizing them through vaccine. Fungi are generally associated with yeast, mold, or the edible fungi like mushrooms. However, fungi can also cause diseases, e.g., mycoses, ringworm, histoplasmosis, talaromycosis, and others. Although fungi cause many diseases but without fungi the mankind would never be blessed by penicillin, discovered in 1928 (Discovery and Development of Penicillin, 2018). Antimicrobial medications are drugs that remove/reduce microbial infections. The medicines can be antibiotics, anti-fungals, antivirals, and others (Antimicrobial Drugs, 2018). Most antibiotics work by inhibiting the targeted bacterial cells (Figure 8.13).
An Iris Tumor Secondary to Talaromyces Marneffei Infection in a Patient with AIDS and Syphilis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Tingkun Shi, Lingjie Wu, Jinnan Cai, Haoyu Chen
Talaromyces marneffei is a fungus which was previously called Penicillium Marneffei. It is prevalent in southern China, eastern India, and Southeast Asia. It usually affects immunocompromised patients. Talaromycosis may involve the skin, lung, mouth, liver, and the whole body. The skin biopsy result of our case is consistent with the reported talaromycosis lesion in literature.9 There was a case report of vitritis and retinal abscess secondary to Penicillium marneffei in an HIV positive patient. The patient responded to intravenous and intravitreal amphotericin.10 Another article reported bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis in a HIV-patient with disseminated Talaromycosis marneffei infection, but the lesions were small and multiple. The patient responded to intravenous and intracameral amphotericin B injection.11 Our case was a unilateral single big iris mass, which is different from the previous reports. Although amphotericin was recommended in literature as the first-line therapy, it is not available in our hospital. We used oral voriconazole and topical fluconazole without intraocular or intravenous injection. The iris and skin lesions subsided completely after anti-fungal therapy.
Endemic mycoses: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Gloria M. González, Alexandro Bonifaz
Talaromycosis (formerly Peniciliosis) is an emerging, deep or systemic mycosis, caused by a thermo-dimorphic fungus, caused by an opportunistic pathogen called Talaromyces marneffei (formerly Penicillium marneffei), initially isolated in Bamboo rats and in tunnels, characterized by affecting lungs (main entry route), skin, bone marrow and, in particular, the reticuloendothelial system [95].