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Fungal infections causing emergencies
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
R. Madhu, Pradeesh Arumugam, V. Hari Pankaj
Endemic infections (pathogenic fungal infections): Fungi that can cause systemic infection in people with normal immune function as well as those who are immune compromised include Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Talaromyces marneffei, earlier known as Penicillium marneffei. These fungi are found in soil and wood debris.
Penicillium and Talaromyces
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Elena Bermúdez, Félix Núñez, Josué Delgado, Miguel A. Asensio
Penicillium infections in humans are still called penicilliosis, even those due to Talaromyces marneffei. Members of the P. chrysogenum–Penicillium rubens complex can be responsible for rare opportunistic keratitis8 and Talaromyces piceum has been rarely reported in chronic granulomatous disease.9 However, the most outstanding infection by Penicillium or Talaromyces spp. is due to T. marneffei.
Human hyalohyphomycoses: A review of human infections due to Acremonium spp., Paecilomyces spp., Penicillium spp., Talaromyces spp., and Scopulariopsis spp.
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Penicillium is a diverse genus occurring worldwide and its species play important roles as decomposers of organic materials; however, they also cause destructive rots in the food industry. Other species are considered enzyme factories or are common indoor air allergens [71]. However, true Penicillium species causing human infections are very rare, and the only pathogenic species previously identified as Penicillium marneffei was transferred to the Talaromyces genus (the teleomorph stage of Biverticillium) and now officially holds the taxonomic name Talaromyces marneffei. However, its associated disease is unfortunately still referred to as penicilliosis [72]. This species is dimorphic, growing as a yeast at 37°C in the host and as a filamentous fungus at 25°C in the environment [73]. It is an emerging fungal pathogen causing a fatal mycosis in especially immunocompromised individuals from East Asian countries, such as China, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam [72]. It was initially isolated in 1959 from the bamboo rat Rhizomys sinensis in Southeast Asia, but the primary reservoir for this fungus remains unknown [73]. The first reported case of disseminated infection occurred in an American missionary with Hodgkin’s disease who had traveled extensively in Southeast Asia [72]. Over the next 10–15 years, a few more sporadic cases were reported. The incidence of T. marneffei infection markedly increased after the HIV/AIDS epidemic arrived in Southeast Asia in 1988. T. marneffei infection was reported not only among HIV-infected patients residing in endemic areas, but also in HIV-infected patients who had traveled to there [72].
An Iris Tumor Secondary to Talaromyces Marneffei Infection in a Patient with AIDS and Syphilis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Tingkun Shi, Lingjie Wu, Jinnan Cai, Haoyu Chen
Talaromyces marneffei is a fungus which was previously called Penicillium Marneffei. It is prevalent in southern China, eastern India, and Southeast Asia. It usually affects immunocompromised patients. Talaromycosis may involve the skin, lung, mouth, liver, and the whole body. The skin biopsy result of our case is consistent with the reported talaromycosis lesion in literature.9 There was a case report of vitritis and retinal abscess secondary to Penicillium marneffei in an HIV positive patient. The patient responded to intravenous and intravitreal amphotericin.10 Another article reported bilateral granulomatous anterior uveitis in a HIV-patient with disseminated Talaromycosis marneffei infection, but the lesions were small and multiple. The patient responded to intravenous and intracameral amphotericin B injection.11 Our case was a unilateral single big iris mass, which is different from the previous reports. Although amphotericin was recommended in literature as the first-line therapy, it is not available in our hospital. We used oral voriconazole and topical fluconazole without intraocular or intravenous injection. The iris and skin lesions subsided completely after anti-fungal therapy.
Infectious complications in patients on treatment with Ruxolitinib: case report and review of the literature
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2018
Maria Veronica Dioverti, Omar M. Abu Saleh, Aaron J. Tande
Our data support the need for a thorough assessment of infectious risks prior to initiation of treatment with ruxolitinib. Knowing local endemic infections that could reactivate during immunosuppressive treatment is highlighted in cases of tuberculosis and Talaromyces marneffei infections. Screening for selected viral infections may be useful to counsel patients regarding symptoms that should trigger further investigation by their health care provider. The role of preventive and prophylactic measures, such as screening for CMV reactivation via viral load measurements or instituting universal prophylaxis for HSV/VZV with acyclovir are yet undefined, and further studies are needed to provide guidance. HBV should be screened for and treated accordingly; one might even consider prophylaxis with entecavir as suggested in other reports [30]. Screening for JC virus can also be considered, and if positive, risk/benefit discussion should take place. Tuberculosis can be detected either by tuberculin skin testing and/or interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Treatment for latent tuberculosis infection should be strongly considered. Clinicians caring for these patients should have a very low threshold to look for opportunistic infections.
Endemic mycoses: epidemiology and diagnostic strategies
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Andrés Tirado-Sánchez, Gloria M. González, Alexandro Bonifaz
Talaromycosis (formerly Peniciliosis) is an emerging, deep or systemic mycosis, caused by a thermo-dimorphic fungus, caused by an opportunistic pathogen called Talaromyces marneffei (formerly Penicillium marneffei), initially isolated in Bamboo rats and in tunnels, characterized by affecting lungs (main entry route), skin, bone marrow and, in particular, the reticuloendothelial system [95].