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Vitreoretinal Surgery in Rare Conditions
Published in Pradeep Venkatesh, Handbook of Vitreoretinal Surgery, 2023
Cysticercosis is the extraintestinal lodgement and development into cystic form of oocysts of either the pork (Taenia solium) or cattle (Taenia saginata) tapeworm. The tapeworm usually enters the body through the oro-fecal route and develops within the intestines to produce the condition, taeniasis. Some oocysts may migrate across the gut and extrahepatic pathways into any of the tissues within the body, resulting in cysticercosis of that organ [e.g., neurocysticercosis]. In relation to the eye, cysticercosis may involve intraocular structures [except crystalline lens], extraocular muscles, orbital tissue, and ocular adnexa. While it is common to find neurocysticercosis in a patient with intraocular cysticercosis, it is rare to find concurrent involvement of the extraocular tissues. The former observation makes it mandatory for all patients with intraocular cysticercosis to undergo neuroimaging to rule out neurocysticercosis and for patients with neurocysticercosis to be screened for intraocular cysticercosis. Neurocysticercosis may manifest as abrupt onset of seizures and other neurological symptoms. In many developing countries, cysticercosis is the most common parasitic infestation, and its prevalence is often considered as an indicator of social hygiene.
Candida and parasitic infection: Helminths, trichomoniasis, lice, scabies, and malaria
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Taenia saginata and T. solium have a worldwide distribution and cause taeniasis or tapeworm infection. Adult taenias are 3 to 8m in length and comprise a small scolex (1–2mm) and multiple proglottids, each about 0.5cm × 1–2mm in size (32). Taenia eggs are yellow to brown and spherical, with thick shells (Fig. 4). The life cycle of the taenias involves a definitive host (humans) and an intermediate host (T. saginata, cattle; T. solium, pigs). Eggs are passed in feces and reach pastures where they are ingested by the intermediate host. The larvae hatch and migrate to the muscle tissue, where they remain until the raw beef or pork is ingested by the definitive host. The infective form (cysticerci) requires 3 to 5 months to mature to adulthood. Taenia adult worms may live in the human small intestine for 25 years. The diagnosis of taenia infection is based on identification of eggs or proglottid segments in the patient’s stool specimen (32).
Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
Definitive host (tapeworm infection) – A person consuming raw or undercooked pork containing infectious cysticerci can experience intestinal infection with the adult tapeworm (taeniasis). Individuals with taeniasis are most often asymptomatic. In tapeworm carriers, the helminth is attached to the lumen of the small intestine where it can survive for decades. Adult worms produce eggs that are excreted in feces. These infectious ova may contaminate food or water, which can then be ingested by a new (intermediate) host.
Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Guatemala: a prevalent public health problem?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Roderico David Hernández-Chea, Paola Morales-Ramírez, Marisela Hernández, Andrea Toledo, Alejandro Hun, Edda Sciutto, Agnès Fleury
Three commercial anthelmintics, albendazole, praziquantel and niclosamide, have been widely used with great efficacy against taeniasis. Niclosamide and albendazole are registered and approved by the IGSS (Guatemalan Social Security Institute) as anthelmintic drugs. Allan et al. [17] used niclosamide in a mass drug administration (MDA) program against T. solium in two rural communities in Guatemala. The prevalence of human taeniasis before MDA was 3.5% (56/1582), but it decreased to 1% (11/1116) 10 months later. All tapeworms collected were identified as T. solium. Parallel to human taeniasis, the high seroprevalence (55%, 148/269) of porcine cysticercosis before MDA decreased to 7% (22/300) 10 months after the intervention. Despite its success in these communities, the effect of these actions was not followed up. In addition, there are no standardized national protocols for the treatment of patients with taeniasis in Guatemala. With respect to NCC, although albendazole is widely used in the country, there are no standard protocols for the care, management, and treatment of NCC patients.
Parasites in surgically removed appendices as a neglected public health concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Aida Vafae Eslahi, Meysam Olfatifar, Elham Houshmand, Amir Abdoli, Behzad Bijani, Sima Hashemipour, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Elham Hajialilo, Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar, Ali Reza Mohammadzadeh, Milad Badri
Taeniasis, a meat-born parasitic infection caused by Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) and T. solium (pig tapeworm), is another helminthic infection that rarely affects the appendix. Humans are the final host of these parasitic helminths and they get infected through consuming raw or under-cooked meat [44–47] Our analysis revealed that the worldwide prevalence rates of taeniasis in appendicitis was 0.002% (95% CI; 0.001 to 0.005), which the highest rate was from African countries (0.005%, 95% CI; 0.002 to 0.009), and countries with humidity levels of 40–75% (0.013%, 95% CI; 0.001 to 0.007), annual rainfall of 401–1000 mm (0.003%, 95% CI; 0.001 to 0.007), and average temperature of 10–20°C (0.012%, 95% CI; 0.001 to 0.006) (Figure 4 & Supplementary Table 2). Probably, these situations protect the parasite’s eggs from destruction and inactivation, which consequently increases the risk of infection in intermediate hosts by grazing in infected rangelands.
New insights on the Taenia solium tapeworm using molecular tools: age-based human definitive host prevalence and deliberation on parasite life span
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Tiaoying Li, Xingwang Chen, Christine M. Budke, Yuangui Zhou, Mianchuan Duan, Celine Wang, Bo Zhong, Yang Liu, Jianying Luo, Wei He, Jingye Shang, Akira Ito
Individuals positive for Taenia eggs and/or reporting segment expulsion were treated within several days of fecal sample collection with a combination of pumpkin seeds and areca nut extract, as previously reported, to expel any adult tapeworms [17,18,26]. Expelled tapeworms or proglottids were kept in 75% ethanol for species confirmation by multiplex PCR (see below). For stool samples that were positive for Taenia eggs, but did not contain tapeworm segments, coproPCR followed by sequencing (see below) was employed to identify the infecting species. Individuals who were Taenia egg-positive by stool microscopy and/or expelled tapeworms or proglottids post-treatment were diagnosed as having taeniasis.