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Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
In preparation for IVF, ovulation in the donor woman is stimulated or hyperstimulated with gonadotropins, and the ovulatory cycle is monitored. Using ultrasound-guided transvaginal approach, 5–20 eggs can be retrieved from antral follicles. Eggs are stripped of cumulus cells and may be subjected to chromosomal evaluation. Concurrently, sperm washing is used to remove inactive cells and seminal fluid from a sample of semen. Eggs and sperm cells are then co-incubated for 4–8 h. In cases of low sperm count or motility, a single sperm can be injected directly into an egg, using an intracytoplasmic sperm injection method.
Viral disease and assisted reproduction technology
Published in David K. Gardner, Ariel Weissman, Colin M. Howles, Zeev Shoham, Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, 2017
Carole Gilling-Smith, Pietro Vernazza
Antiretroviral therapy has radically changed the natural course of HIV infection and, in turn, the way professionals should manage reproductive care for these patients. Those individuals who, as a result of treatment, become viral negative can expect to lead near normal lives and have children naturally through unprotected intercourse. Where fertility issues exist, these patients should be offered the same full spectrum of assisted conception treatments offered to non-infected individuals within a safe laboratory environment equipped to deal with both known and unknown viral risk. In the case of HIV, sperm washing is not required if the infected male partner has a fully suppressed viral load through the use of antiretroviral therapy. Natural conception with PrEP should be considered in those parts of the world where there is limited access to HAART, and it is in these patients that sperm washing should be considered as a high priority and developed as a cost-effective risk-reduction option.
Treatment Options: II. Intrauterine Insemination
Published in Steven R. Bayer, Michael M. Alper, Alan S. Penzias, The Boston IVF Handbook of Infertility, 2017
A semen sample is produced on the day of the IUI. It is best to collect the sample in a sterile specimen container supplied by the laboratory since it has been tested for sperm survivability. Several plastics are harmful to sperm and may reduce the vitality of the sample. It is preferred that semen is collected via masturbation; however, collection condoms can be purchased online from fertility specialty stores. Drug store condoms should never be used since they are developed to kill sperm with or without spermicide. Lubricants should not be used to produce the sample. Semen samples can be produced on site or at home and then transported to the laboratory. It is best if the sample collected outside of the office can be delivered within 60 minutes after production. The sample should be kept at body temperature from the time of collection until it is received by the laboratory staff. Exposure to temperatures other than body temperature for an extended time between collection and processing may be responsible for poor motility of the specimen. For security reasons, we only accept sperm samples from the male patient/intended parent and not another party (including the wife). His identification is confirmed by examination of his government-issued picture ID. Our sperm washing procedure is as follows.
Accessibility and availability of assisted reproductive technology for people living with HIV in Europe: a thematic literature review
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Mallory Bell, Megan Edelstein, Sadie Hurwitz, Rachel Irwin
Used in combination with sperm washing, IUI, IVF and ICSI are currently the three most common options to safely achieve pregnancy for serodiscordant couples. To minimize the risk of transmission of HIV through sexual intercourse, serodiscordant couples may choose to seek assisted reproductive technology in the form of sperm washing. The goal of sperm washing is to select only motile sperm that is free of HIV and can later be used for fertilization. Sperm washing was first reported in Milan when Semprini et al. (1992) demonstrated a three-step method to process semen. Other studies have also indicated the viability and safety of sperm washing for serodiscordant couples (Zafer et al., 2016; Bujan, Pasquier, Labeyrie, Lanusse-Crousse, & Morucci, 2004; Savasi et al., 2007). Loskutoff et al. (2005) expanded the procedure put forth by Semprini et al. (1992) by further reducing the HIV-1 quantity in semen below clinical levels, without damaging sperm quality.
Optimizing the protocol for vitrification of individual spermatozoa by adjusting equilibration time
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2020
Michael Belenky, Diana Itzhakov, Vita Freger, Orna Roseman, Sarah Abehsera, Netanella Miller, Arie Berkovitz
The concept of using liquid nitrogen to freeze human sperm began as early as 1943 (Hoagland and Pincus 1943). This practice has become routine in the assisted reproduction laboratory (Anger et al. 2003). Slow freezing is the prevalent method used by sperm banks worldwide. Sperm is suspended in a mixture of 1:1 v/v sperm washing medium and a cryoprotective agent for 10 minutes (Polge et al. 1949; McLaughlin et al. 1992) at room temperature and then gradually cooled to −192°C. This method improves survival and motility after thawing by reducing deleterious effects such as ice crystal formation, dehydration, increased salt concentration and thermal shock (Critser et al. 1987; Royere et al. 1996; Desrosiers et al. 2006). However, it requires a relatively large total liquid volume of 0.25 to 1 ml and is not appropriate when only a few spermatozoa are frozen, such as in cases of virtual azoospermia, cryptozoospermia or after testicular biopsy, due to inevitable loss of spermatozoa upon post-thaw sample processing.
The impact of endometriosis on early embryo morphokinetics: a case-control study
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Fazilet Kubra Boynukalin, Munevver Serdarogullari, Meral Gultomruk, Onder Coban, Necati Findikli, Mustafa Bahceci
An oocyte pick-up procedure was performed 34–36 h after hCG administration under an ultrasound guidance. Collected oocytes were washed and placed into 50 μl drops of a continuous single culture complete with gentamicin and HSA (CSCM; Irvine Scientific, CA, USA). After oocyte retrieval, oocyte cumulus complexes were kept in an incubator for 2 h at 37°C, 6.5% CO2 and 5% O2 until denudation. Enzymatic removal of granulosa cells was performed by hyaluronidase treatment (Hyaluronidase Solution; Irvine Scientific, CA, USA). Semen samples were prepared with an isolate sperm separation medium (Irvine Scientific, CA, USA) and sperm pellet was washed two times using a sperm washing medium (Irvine Scientific, CA, USA). Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure was performed within an hour following the denudation in mHTF containing HEPES. After this, the microinjected oocytes were cultured in a pre-equilibrated EmbryoSlide culture dish (EmbryoSlide, Vitrolife, Sweden) until day 3 of the in vitro embryo development. The EmbryoSlide™ dish has 12 individual wells and these wells were filled with 30–35 µl of CSCM, covered with 1,4 ml of mineral oil (Irvine Scientific), in order to prevent evaporation, and equilibrated overnight before use. Oocytes/embryos were cultured in a time-lapse incubator (EmbryoScope®, Vitrolife, Sweden) at 37°C, 6.5% CO2 and 5% O2 for at least 72 h. It is a tri-gas incubator that has a built-in microscope, captures images automatically up to 72 individual embryos every 10 min from seven different focal planes during embryo development.