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Conceiving Ethics
Published in Michael van Manen, The Birth of Ethics, 2020
With medical innovation, at times we can overcome infertility. Many different assisted reproductive technologies are available: ovulation induction, in vitro fertilization (IVF), artificial insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and so forth. And yet, achieving pregnancy with such means poses risks. Multiple gestation pregnancies (twin, triplet, and so forth) while being associated with assisted reproductive technologies are also associated with preterm birth that carries its own complications (Kushnir et al., 2017; Sunderam et al., 2019). Even when precautions are taken to mitigate the risks of conceiving a multiple gestation pregnancy (such as single- rather than multiple-embryo transfer), preterm birth and congenital anomalies remain present as risks (Liberman et al., 2017). In other words, assisted reproduction would seem to demand we accept risks for a child even before we conceive him or her. What worry should we have when we knowingly place a child at risk in our efforts to conceive him or her? Should this future child not be first and foremost in our mind even before attempts at conception? Is this not the ethical imperative of conception?
Reproductive Biotechnologies Applied to Artificial Insemination in Swine
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Francisco Alberto García-Vázquez, Chiara Luongo, Gabriela Garrappa, Ernesto Rodríguez Tobón
Advances in reproductive biotechnologies have allowed the increase of efficiency in animal production in several species. Artificial insemination (AI) has been one of the most successful applied reproductive biotechnologies since its implementation several decades ago (reviewed by Soriano-Úbeda et al. 2013). In the case of porcine species, AI (porcine AI, pAI) is routinely used in most of the farms (Riesenbeck, 2011), which among other factors, has allowed to place pork production as one of the most important meat industries worldwide (Knox, 2014; Zhang et al. 2018).
The many revolutions of the 20th century
Published in Nadia Maria Filippini, Clelia Boscolo, Pregnancy, Delivery, Childbirth, 2020
This was the 20th-century “leap”, coming after the difficult journey of Lazzaro Spallanzani’s, John Hunter’s and Michel-Augustin Thouret’s bold attempts, the bitter 19th-century debates, the secret experiments and the birth of the first societies for the practice of artificial insemination, at the end of the 19th century. While, in some countries such as the USSR and the US, the spread of artificial insemination was already significant in the 1930s and 1940s, in the 1950s, it reached success rates of thousands of cases per year: more than 5,000 according to a survey promoted in the US.136 It was not only a question of a quantitative, but also of a qualitative leap, which made this practice a safe procedure in the cure of sterility, in a progressive scientific, professional and moral legitimacy.
Relationships between infertility-related stress, family sense of coherence and quality of life of couples with infertility
Published in Human Fertility, 2022
The demographic characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1. The mean age of the female and male participants were 33.8 ± 3.6 years and 36 ± 5.5 years, respectively. Over 99% of the participants had at least a secondary school education. The majority of them were employed (87.4% for female and 99.3% for male) and the median monthly household income was US$4,645 (HK$36,231). The participants were predominately well-educated middle-class couples, which were comparable to the infertile couples in Hong Kong reported in previous studies (Chan et al., 2016; Luk & Loke, 2019). The duration of infertility ranged from 12 to 84 months (Mean ± SD = 20.7 ± 13.8). Around 61% of the couples (n = 83) had received treatment for infertility (Artificial insemination by husband) and counselling service.
The effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on male and female fertility: a brief literature review
Published in International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022
Jovana Z. Milosavljević, Miloš N. Milosavljević, Petar S. Arsenijević, Milica N. Milentijević, Srđan M. Stefanović
In addition to in vitro fertilisation, there are other forms of artificial insemination used to treat infertility, such as intrauterine insemination (IUI). Intrauterine insemination is less invasive and less expensive than IVF, and it is the method of choice in the treatment of unexplained infertility in women under 37 years of age (Jasović and Jasović-Siveska 2012). However, to our best knowledge there are no published studies about the effect of antidepressants on the success of the IUI procedure. On the other hand, it is known that the success rate of the IUI is only 10-17% per cycle (Nuojua- Huttunen et al. 1999). Also, after each failed cycle of artificial insemination there is an increase in symptoms of depression and anxiety in couples (Verhaak et al. 2002). Therefore, future studies are required to elucidate the possibility of using SSRIs in couples undergoing IUI who experience these unpleasant psycho-somatic symptoms.
Orchestrating the expression levels of sperm mRNAs reveals CCDC174 as an important determinant of semen quality and bull fertility
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2021
Sellappan Selvaraju, Divakar Swathi, Laxman Ramya, Maharajan Lavanya, Santhanahalli Siddalingappa Archana, Muniandy Sivaram
In the dairy industry, artificial insemination (AI) is widely adopted across the globe, but the average conception rate is only 35–40% in India (20th Livestock census, Government of India 2019), USA (Schefers et al. 2010; Norman et al. 2017) and UK (Dobson et al. 2008). A low reproductive efficiency leads to a decrease in milk yield resulting in considerable economic loss to the farmers, which necessitates intense research efforts for augmenting fertility in cows. The field conception rate with AI is influenced by many factors including genetic, micro-environmental and managemental, nutritional and health status of both male and female animals (Walsh et al. 2011; Crowe et al. 2018). Apart from these, one of the major reasons for the reduced conception rate is the insufficiency of quality dairy bulls for breeding (Binsila et al. 2017; Amann et al. 2018). Presently, the breeding bulls are selected based on the breeding soundness evaluation and sperm attributes such as motility, structural membrane integrity, functional membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. These sperm attributes have been reported to have poor correlation with the conception rate and mostly the results were inconsistent (Rodriguez-Martinez 2003; Selvaraju et al. 2008; Somashekar et al. 2015). The subtle changes in the sperm attributes between the high-fertile and the sub-fertile bulls cannot be distinguished by employing the routine semen analysis (Vasan 2011) calling for probing at the molecular level (Binsila et al. 2017).