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The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The etiologic agent of smallpox is the variola virus, a large and complex DNA virus (Poxviridae, Table 16.1). It naturally infects man and can also be transmitted to some higher primates. Two distinct forms of the disease occur in man: variola major, with twenty-five to fifty percent mortality, and variola minor (classical smallpox), which has less than one percent mortality. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease spread mainly by inhalation of virus. The virus also infects through breaks in the skin either from contact with pock fluids or contaminated clothing and bedding. Poxviruses survive in the environment because the virion has a protective fibrous protein outer coat.
Suffering with two dissimilar diseases
Published in Dinesh Kumar Jain, Homeopathy, 2022
Hahnemann concluded that cowpox and smallpox both prevent the development of one other. Both diseases have similar symptomatology. So Hahnemann said that one disease homeopathically cured other diseases. Hahnemann gave emphasis on similar symptomatology, but what was the truth? It was not the similarity in symptomatology of cowpox and smallpox, which cured each other. It was the immunological and serological similarity of both types of viruses. Smallpox is due to variola virus. Cowpox is also a viral disease. By knowledge of pathology, we know, “Cowpox virus resembles that of smallpox morphologically and immunologically and the histological changes in the skin at the site of vaccination are essentially identical with those of smallpox” (Pinkerton, 1971, p. 394).
The Future Is Not What It Used to Be
Published in Tom Lawry, Hacking Healthcare, 2022
Biohacking refers to applying IT hacks to biological systems – most prominently, the human body. These opportunities range from simple diagnostics to deep neural implants. For example, biochips hold the possibility of detecting or predicting diseases from cancer to smallpox before the patient even develops symptoms. Such chips would be made from an array of intelligent molecular sensors that can analyze biological elements and chemicals.
Correlates of Mpox Vaccination among Sexual Minority Men in the United States: Sexual Behavior, Substance Use, and Main Partner Relationships
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2023
Tyrel J. Starks, David Scales, Juan Castiblanco, Jack Gorman, Demetria Cain
While there is substantial evidence that immunity to smallpox provides protection against mpox infection, the exact extent of the protection conferred by smallpox vaccination is difficult to determine (Poland et al., 2022). Two vaccines for smallpox, one of which is also FDA-approved for mpox, are currently available. According to recent observational reports and unpublished data from the CDC, disease incidence in unvaccinated but vaccine-eligible men between 18–49 in the US was approximately 7 to 10 times higher than the incidence among those who received either one dose or two doses of the JYNNEOS vaccine (the latter defined as “fully vaccinated”), putting preliminary estimates for vaccine effectiveness at 37% and 69%, respectively (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2022c, 2022d).
Mpox: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and recent developments in treatment and prevention
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Nikil Selvaraj, Shreya Shyam, Puvin Dhurairaj, Kaviarasan Thiruselvan, Akil Thiruselvan, Yochana Kancherla, Pritika Kandamaran
Although not all cellular receptors have been fully defined, glycosaminoglycans, which are ubiquitously produced on the surface of mammalian cells, are assumed to be essential for binding the virion to the cell membrane [5]. Although it is outside the scope of this review, a full description of the replication cycle has already been provided. Smallpox was one of the most feared contagious illnesses in human history, suspected to have killed millions of people globally. The effects of smallpox serve as a reminder that OPXV are potent viruses. There is some evidence indicating that the variola virus may have developed from a long-extinct rodent poxvirus thousands of years ago, while the origins of smallpox remain unknown [5]. Furthermore, it has long been known that zoonotic OPXV diseases such as MPXV are becoming more dangerous. A sizable section of the world’s population lacks immunity to smallpox and zoonotic OPXV as a result of smallpox immunization campaigns coming to a halt more than 40 years ago [5]. In summation, this raises the possibility that a zoonotic orthopoxvirus, such as MPXV, could develop the capacity to effectively transmit between humans and result in larger outbreaks under certain circumstances [8].
Reemergence of monkeypox: prevention and management
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sahaya Nadar, Tabassum Khan, Abdelwahab Omri
The CDC Drug Services provides the following vaccine recommendations for individuals placed in the high risk category by virtue of occupational exposure to this virus. A live, non-replicating vaccine, JYNNEOS is approved by the US FDA for the prevention of smallpox and monkeypox in adults (18 years and older) who were assessed to have a high risk of infection. The JYNNEOS vaccine is different from ACAM2000 and APSV as it is an attenuated live virus. Being in a replication-deficient form, it can be used toward certain immune deficiencies like AIDS or atopic dermatitis [75,76].The ACAM2000 is a live vaccine for active immunization against smallpox disease licensed by the US FDA for people who are at high risk of contracting smallpox. It is free from the variola virus, so they cannot cause smallpox but has the vaccinia virus belonging to the poxvirus family. There may be incidences of head and body aches, rash and fever owing to the presence of the vaccinia virus. Some groups of people, specifically those who are immunocompromised, are susceptible to severe complications caused by vaccinia [77,78].Aventis Pasteur Smallpox Vaccine (APSV)