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Order Reovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The members of the order Reovirales are the most “nanotechnological” group of the double-stranded RNA viruses. Many order representatives played a crucial role by the development of the VLP techniques. According to the recent detailed taxonomy (ICTV 2020), the order Reovirales remains the only order of the class Resentoviricetes of the phylum Duplornaviricota, kingdom Orthornavirae, realm Riboviria. The order Reovirales includes a sole family Reoviridae, consisting of two subfamilies, namely Sedoreovirinae and Spinareovirinae; 15 genera; and 97 species in total. The subfamily Spinareovirinae contains viruses that have relatively large spikes or turrets situated at the 12 icosahedral vertices of either the virus or core particle. The subfamily Sedoreovirinae includes viruses that do not have large surface projections on their virions or core particles. After the unique role in the VLP technologies, the order is of great medicinal and veterinarian importance. There are such well-known pathogens as members of the species African horse sickness virus and Bluetongue virus from the Orbivirus genus; members of the species Rice dwarf virus of the Phytoreovirus genus, and nine rotavirus variants A to I from the Rotavirus genus, all from the subfamily Sedoreovirinae. Then, there are insects-infecting cypoviruses, short for cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, members of the Cypovirus genus from the Spinareovirinae subfamily. In many aspects, but not in the genome origin, cypoviruses are similar to double-stranded DNA nucleopolyhedroviruses from the Baculoviridae family described in Chapter 6.
Genetic heterogeneity of group A rotaviruses: a review of the evolutionary dynamics and implication on vaccination
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Cornelius A. Omatola, Ademola O. Olaniran
Rotavirus (RV) is a member of the Reoviridae family belonging to the genus Rotavirus and subfamily of the Sedoreovirinae which also include the Orbivirus, Phytoreovirus, Cardoreovirus, Mimoreovirus, and Seadornavirus [29]. In the Baltimore’s system of virus classification, which is based on strategies of genome replication, rotaviruses with dsRNA have been classified in group III. According to Baltimore, each genome segment of rotavirus is transcribed independently to produce individual mono-cistronic mRNAs [30]. Based on differences in antigenic or amino acid sequences of the VP6 (intermediate capsid protein), nine distinct genetic groups (A to J) have been fully differentiated [31]. Of the additional species K and L recently proposed [32], the latter is now confirmed [33] (Table 1). Group A-C infects humans, while all the groups cause disease in animals, implying that group D-J is limited exclusively to animals [34–42]. The epidemiological distribution patterns of the A-C groups implicated in human infection vary markedly. Group A Rotaviruses (RVA), the most significant of the three groups, account for more than 90% of rotavirus gastroenteritis in humans worldwide [10,43]. Outbreaks of rotavirus A diarrhea are common among hospitalized infants, young children attending daycare centers, and elderly people in nursing homes [9,44]. Although rotavirus B and C have been described in association with sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans [45,46], their involvement in diarrheal episodes is not as frequent as Group A rotaviruses.