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Order Reovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Globally, the members of the Reovirales order played an outstanding role by the development of the VLP ideology, thanks, first, to the pioneering works on the orbivirus VLPs performed by the well-known Polly Roy team. Then, the cheap and safe vaccines against rotaviruses, a leading cause of severe infantile gastroenteritis worldwide, appeared as being of prime medicinal importance, stimulating therefore the appropriate VLP studies.
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Other genera of Reoviridae capable of causing symptomatic infection in humans are Orthoreovirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, and Seadornavirus (DeBiasi and Tyler 2015). Of these, Orthoreovirus and Orbivirus species have been found in wild primates. Orthoreovirus includes Reovirus types 1, 2, and 3. Infection with Reovirus is common in humans but is typically either asymptomatic or presents as a mild respiratory tract infection or gastrointestinal illness; rarely, it is the causative agent for meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, or myocarditis (DeBiasi and Tyler 2015). Few surveys of Reovirus in wild primates have been conducted, but it has been identified in Asian macaques and langurs as well as African baboons. Orbiviruses capable of causing disease in humans include the Kemerovo complex viruses, Lebombo virus, and Changuinola virus (DeBiasi and Tyler 2015). Of these, only the Orungo virus has been found in wild primates. The Orungo virus is a vector-borne parasite that is transmitted by Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex species of mosquitoes (Attoui and Mohd 2015). It is widely distributed in tropical Africa where it has been isolated in monkeys, cattle, camel, sheep, goats as well as humans (Attoui and Mohd 2015). Orungo virus infection is often asymptomatic, but when symptoms occur they include fever, headache, and myalgia with one documented case of it progressing to encephalitis in a child (DeBiasi and Tyler 2015). In humans, seroprevalence rates in some areas of sub-Saharan Africa are between 24% and 35% (DeBiasi and Tyler 2015). A similar rate of 24% has been found in grivets and Mona monkeys in Nigeria (Tomori and Fabiyi 1976), and as such, they should be considered a potential reservoir.
Genetic heterogeneity of group A rotaviruses: a review of the evolutionary dynamics and implication on vaccination
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Cornelius A. Omatola, Ademola O. Olaniran
Rotavirus (RV) is a member of the Reoviridae family belonging to the genus Rotavirus and subfamily of the Sedoreovirinae which also include the Orbivirus, Phytoreovirus, Cardoreovirus, Mimoreovirus, and Seadornavirus [29]. In the Baltimore’s system of virus classification, which is based on strategies of genome replication, rotaviruses with dsRNA have been classified in group III. According to Baltimore, each genome segment of rotavirus is transcribed independently to produce individual mono-cistronic mRNAs [30]. Based on differences in antigenic or amino acid sequences of the VP6 (intermediate capsid protein), nine distinct genetic groups (A to J) have been fully differentiated [31]. Of the additional species K and L recently proposed [32], the latter is now confirmed [33] (Table 1). Group A-C infects humans, while all the groups cause disease in animals, implying that group D-J is limited exclusively to animals [34–42]. The epidemiological distribution patterns of the A-C groups implicated in human infection vary markedly. Group A Rotaviruses (RVA), the most significant of the three groups, account for more than 90% of rotavirus gastroenteritis in humans worldwide [10,43]. Outbreaks of rotavirus A diarrhea are common among hospitalized infants, young children attending daycare centers, and elderly people in nursing homes [9,44]. Although rotavirus B and C have been described in association with sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans [45,46], their involvement in diarrheal episodes is not as frequent as Group A rotaviruses.