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Neuroinfectious Diseases
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Jeremy D. Young, Jesica A. Herrick, Scott Borgetti
LP should be performed in all patients, and CSF should be sent for cell count and differential, protein, glucose, Gram stain and bacterial cultures, HSV PCR, enterovirus PCR, viral culture, and VDRL. Depending on the season and epidemiology of the patient, workup for arboviruses and coccidioidomycosis may be considered as well (see appropriate sections). If the patient is known to be immunocompromised, send CSF cryptococcal antigen.
Viral Pathogens: A General Account
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Vinod Joshi, Bennet Angel, Annette Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang
The chapter discussed all arbovirus infectious diseases spread by mosquitoes. The arboviruses have three families: Togaviruses, which include chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; Bunyaviruses, which include sandfly fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus; and flaviviruses, which include yellow fever virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.
Out of Nowhere
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Traditional vector control measures like insecticides and elimination of larval breeding sites are still recommended, but one new approach involves the development of mosquitoes that are resistant to arbovirus infection. The bacterial symbiont Wolbachia has been transferred from Drosophila into the mosquito Aedes aegypti, where it blocks the transmission of arboviruses including Zika. Mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia were resistant to current circulating Zika virus isolates with reduced virus prevalence, intensity, and disseminated infection.95 A Wolbachia-infected A. aegypti mosquito has been developed and has already been shown to spread through mosquito populations after large-scale release. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes were released in two Rio de Janeiro neighborhoods in 2014, and in a suburb of Medellín in 2015. Researchers plan to survey the insects for viral infection and track the local incidence of disease in areas with and without Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. Proving that Wolbachia infection of wild mosquitos limits human infections will be critical before the method can find widespread use.96 A field trial in Townsville, Australia has eliminated local arbovirus disease transmission over more than 2-year follow-up.97 The World Mosquito Program is reportedly testing this approach in 12 countries.
Zika virus in Brazil and worldwide: a narrative review
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
Marlos Melo Martins, Roberto De Andrade Medronho, Antônio José Ledo Alves Da Cunha
Repellents applied to the skin are a part of preventive care for arboviruses. The most used repellents are DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), IR3535 and Icaridin. The repellent effect of IR3535 is observed at concentrations above 10% and its use in a concentration of 10–30% is accepted. A concentration of 12.5% can be prescribed for children under 2 years of age. DEET-based products are allowed for children over 2 months of age in a concentration of up to 30%. Icaridin formulations containing 5–10% may be used for children over 6 months of age. Repellents should be applied to exposed areas of the body and clothing, and spray should be applied to the face or, in children, by first spraying the product on the palms and then applying it to the face or body, followed by thorough hand-washing [74].
A review of the economic evidence of Aedes-borne arboviruses and Aedes-borne arboviral disease prevention and control strategies
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2020
Ryan Thompson, Jorge Martin Del Campo, Dagna Constenla
Aedes-borne arboviruses like Zika virus (ZIKV), Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) pose a major public health problem affecting many countries in Asia and the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Global trends of population growth, urbanization, globalization, and global warming have all contributed to the rapid emergence and co-circulation of these arboviruses [1]. Explosive epidemics such as those observed with ZIKV in the Americas after its recent introduction from Asia, and more recent CHIKV and YFV outbreaks in countries as diverse as India, Brazil, and Kenya demonstrate the potential threat of arboviral epidemics [1]. In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the ZIKV outbreak in LAC a public health emergency of international concern [2]. Three years later dengue was declared 1 of the 10 threats to global health [3]. The emergence and co-circulation of Aedes-borne arboviruses has potential consequences yet to be fully delineated, and Aedes-borne arboviruses like ZIKV impose significant economic and public health costs in endemic countries in the short- and long-term [4,5].
West Nile virus and other mosquito-borne viruses present in Eastern Europe
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Sebastián Napp, Dusan Petrić, Núria Busquets
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropod vectors and cause disease in humans and animals. Therefore, disease occurrence relies on the presence of the virus, susceptible hosts and competent vectors. Diseases caused by arboviruses have been reported for centuries, but in the recent years, the notification of outbreaks of arboviral diseases has dramatically increased [1]. Human population growth, deforestation, urbanization, movement of people, animals and vectors have contributed to dissemination of arboviruses. The impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases is controversial since it can influence arthropod vectors abundance and virus transmission in different ways. In fact, the effects of the climate are considered species-specific and location-specific [2]. Some arboviruses that had been neglected for a long time, have emerged in the last decades as important health threats, for example Zika virus (ZIKV) in South and Central America [3], Yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil [4] and West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 in Southern and Eastern Europe [5]. Nowadays arboviruses have a worldwide distribution, being present in all continents except Antarctica. However, each arbovirus will generally have a focal distribution because of its specific requirements in relation to vertebrate hosts, vectors and ecological factors needed to maintain its transmission cycle [1].