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Sarcocystis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
B.B. Singh, R. Sharma, E. Jenkins
Sarcocystis, a foodborne apicomplexan protozoan, is one of the most prevalent parasites in livestock, wildlife, birds, and people.1,2 First reported by Miescher in 1843, Sarcocystis was referred to as white, thread-like structures, and often called Meischer's tubules for the next 20 years.3 In 1865, similar structures were reported from pig muscles3 and named Sarcocystis meischeriana in 1899.4 In 1967, electron microscopy established close similarity of Sarcocystis bradyzoites with other apicomplexan protozoan species.3,5 Later in the 1970s, the prey-predator life cycle and coccidian nature of Sarcocystis were demonstrated in experimental studies.6,7 To control this parasite, it is necessary to understand its life cycle, transmission, and other important features. In this chapter, we focus on the taxonomy, basic morphology, life cycle, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and control measures related to Sarcocystis spp.
Introduction to the Parasites
Published in Donald L. Price, Procedure Manual for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites, 2017
Man is recognized as being the definitive host of two species of the genus Sarcocystis, S. hominis and S. suihominis. The intermediate hosts are cattle and swine, respectively. Diagnosis is made by finding either the oocysts or more frequently sporocysts in fecal specimens. There are very few reports of intestinal infection of humans with Sarcocystis. There have been a number of reports of man as an intermediate host where sarcocysts have been found in the tissues (Beaver et al., 1979).
Protozoa
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
The genus Sarcocystis is a ubiquitous parasite with almost 190 identified species in multiple species of animals (Poulsen and Stensvold 2014). Self-limiting gastrointestinal symptoms in humans have been primarily due to S. hominis (from infected beef) and S. suihominis (from infected pork) (Suh et al. 2015); however, the infection is typically asymptomatic (Poulsen and Stensvold 2014). Between 2012 and 2014, three outbreaks of invasive muscular sarcocystitis in Malaysia have made Sarcocystis a concern as an emerging infection. Two outbreaks occurred on Tioman Island (Esposito et al. 2012; Tappe et al. 2014) and one on Pangkor Island (Abubakar et al. 2012). DNA analysis revealed the Pangkor Island outbreak to be due to S. nesbitti (Abubakar et al. 2012). Previously (as of 2004), only about 100 cases of human invasive sarcocystitis had been reported, with most discovered accidentally (Esposito et al. 2012).
Structure-activity relationships of Toxoplasma gondii cytochrome bc 1 inhibitors
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
P. Holland Alday, Aaron Nilsen, J. Stone Doggett
Cytochrome (cyt) bc1 has proven to be a tractable drug target for the majority of veterinary and human apicomplexan pathogens. In addition to T. gondii, cyt bc1 inhibitors have been found to be effective across orders of the phylum Apicomplexa: Haemosporida, Plasmodia spp.; the Piroplasmida, Babesia spp., and Theileria equii; and the Eucoccidiorida, Sarcocystis neurona, Eimeria spp., Neospora caninum, and Besnoitia besnoiti [5–10]. Cryptosporidium, the human gastrointestinal parasite, is a notable exception. It lacks a mitochondrion with genes for enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation, including cyt b and instead contains mitochondrion-related organelles [11]. On the other hand, the human gastrointestinal parasites Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cystoisospora belli encode cyt b in their mitochondrial genomes, although cyt bc1 inhibitors have not been thoroughly evaluated for these diseases.
A review on inactivation methods of Toxoplasma gondii in foods
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Adel Mirza Alizadeh, Sahar Jazaeri, Bahar Shemshadi, Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork, Zahra Sarlak, Zahra Pilevar, Hedayat Hosseini
In many countries, the most common foodborne parasites are protozoa such as Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia intestinalis, Sarcocystis (hominis and suihominis), Toxoplasma gondii, roundworms such as Anisakis spp. and Trichinella spp., flatworms such as Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolopsis buski and Paragonimus sppand tapeworms such as Diphyllobothrium spp., Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. One common zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide is toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by T. gondii [1].
The impact of water crises and climate changes on the transmission of protozoan parasites in Africa
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Shahira A. Ahmed, Milena Guerrero Flórez, Panagiotis Karanis
Waterborne protozoa (WBP) are a group of parasites that cause diarrheal diseases. Diversity of WBP can be found in water. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis (intestinalis) took the lead among other protozoan parasites to account the majority of waterborne outbreaks (524, 344 outbreaks respectively) [10–12]. Whereas Acanthamoeba spp., Balantidium coli, Blastocystis spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Cystoisospora belli, Microsporidium spp., Naegleria spp., Sarcocystis spp., and Toxoplasma gondii are less reported parasites [10–12].