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Diagnosing Viral Infections
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Caveats: In immunocompromised patients with colitis, CMV, Epstein–Barr virus and HSV should also be considered. Colon biopsy, EDTA blood and stool should be collected for PCR. For CMV, the best specimen is a gut biopsy for the presence of nuclear inclusion bodies. A PCR-positive tissue sample does not discriminate between latent infection and active infection.Rotavirus is the most important cause of gastroenteritis in young children. Because large amounts of rotavirus are shed in the stool during acute infection, an antigen detection test performed on a stool specimen is a cheap, rapid and sensitive test. Immunity against rotavirus takes years to develop, and that's why rotavirus is mainly seen in children. Severity of symptoms declines with repeated infections.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Diarrhea of infants, which has considerable potential to be fatal, occurs at a high rate, especially in developing nations [174,175]. Studies indicate the rotavirus to be associated with up to 50% of the hospitalized cases of diarrheal disease [174,176]. No human vaccine is at present available to control rotaviral-induced gastroenteritis, and no fully effective antiviral drugs have yet been developed. Thus the rotavirus should be considered a major target for antiviral studies.
Biochemical Parameters: Childhood Diarrhea and Malabsorption Syndrome
Published in Anil Gupta, Biochemical Parameters and the Nutritional Status of Children, 2020
Chronic diarrhea is caused by gastrointestinal infection of bacteria like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and paratyphoid. The source of infection in diarrhea is the feco-oral route (Jill et al. 2010). The rotavirus is a highly contagious retrovirus (double stranded) that causes diarrhea in infants and children (Mayo Foundation 2019b). It has a high mortality rate in children causing about 215,000 deaths per annum in children.
Prevalence and relative risk of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in children under five years in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Daniel Digwo, Paul Chidebelu, Kenneth Ugwu, Adedapo Adediji, Kata Farkas, Vincent Chigor
Rotavirus is a member of the Reoviridae family with a size of 70–75 nm and is classified into 10 serogroups (A-J) based on the outer protein (VP6). Among these serogroups, rotavirus group A is responsible for most gastroenteritis cases in human populations 11Rotavirus is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, through both fomites and close person-to-person contact. They are shed in enormous quantities in the stools of infected persons and few virions (<100 virions) are sufficient to cause disease in a susceptible host. Symptoms such as diarrhea, malaise, vomiting and fever are associated with rotavirus infection and can result in dehydration in some cases [4,5]. The incubation period of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus is one to 3 days and symptoms normally resolve in 3 to 7 days [6].
Effectiveness of the oral human attenuated pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq™) postlicensure: a meta-analysis—2006–2020
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Yuxiao Wang, Jingxin Li, Pinyuan Dai, Pei Liu, Fengcai Zhu
Rotavirus (RV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes RV-associated gastroenteritis (RVGE), leading to severe diarrhea and vomiting even death among infants and children worldwide, particularly in low-income countries [1]. RV is highly contagious and transmitted by the fecal-oral route, like contaminated food, water and environmental contamination [2–5]. RV disease generally lasts 3–8 days, is characterized by acute onset watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain [6]. Latest annual RV mortality rates for RV disease in children <5 years of age, ranging from 122,322 to 215,757 worldwide, were estimated by different organizations and methods in 2013 [1,7,8]. Since no specific therapies, antibiotics, or drugs against RV are currently available, vaccination is considered as the most effective method of decreasing the mortality related to RVGE.
Statins significantly repress rotavirus replication through downregulation of cholesterol synthesis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Shihao Ding, Bingting Yu, Anneke J. van Vuuren
Rotavirus is a non-enveloped double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus that has a complex architecture of three concentric capsid layers that surround a genome of 11 segments of dsRNA, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the viral-capping enzyme. Rotavirus is ubiquitous globally and infects virtually every child of <2 y of age.1,2 The estimate for the associated global mortality reaches over 200,000 casualties per anum.3 Although vaccination is an effective approach to prevent rotavirus infection, the virus-induced diarrhea is still a heavy burden worldwide, as the most terrible cases occur in developing countries where access to rotavirus vaccination is limited and where the licensed rotavirus vaccines are less efficacious and efficient than in high-income countries.4,5 Oral or intravenous rehydration remains currently the mainstream treatment for rotavirus infection, but it is passive and cannot shorten the diarrhea duration.6 Evidence for the potential efficacy of conventional antivirus drugs to rotavirus has been provided, but their uses are commonly hampered due to the side effects and the economic considerations.2 Obviously, the improvement of the treatment strategy for rotavirus infection is urgent. A better understanding of the physiological mechanism of rotavirus infection may provide an important insight leading to an improvement for rotavirus infection therapeutics.