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Probiotics as HRV Vaccine Adjuvants in Gn Pigs
Published in Lijuan Yuan, Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation, 2022
The dose effects of LA on immune responses to the AttHRV vaccine in pigs may also partly explain why the efficacies of oral rotavirus vaccines are significantly reduced in low-income countries compared to developed countries. The two licensed rotavirus vaccines, RotaTeq and Rotarix have a protective efficacy of >85% against moderate to severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in middle and high-income countries (O'Ryan et al., 2009). However, the protective efficacy of the RotaTeq vaccine is only 39.3% against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in sub-Saharan Africa (Armah et al., 2010) and 48.3% in developing countries in Asia (Zaman et al., 2010). Rotarix vaccine showed a similar disparity in efficacy in low-income countries in Africa (O'Ryan and Linhares, 2009). In addition to other factors that contribute to the reduction in rotavirus vaccine efficacy (e.g., higher titers of maternal antibodies, malnutrition), during the initial colonization of human infants, exposure to high doses of commensal bacteria (common in countries with lower hygiene standards) would have a suppressive effect on IFN-γ producing T cell responses and promote Treg cell responses, thus leading to the lowered protective immunity after rotavirus vaccination.
Determination of Antiviral Activity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
The human virus will not induce an acceptable disease in laboratory animals, but the murine rotavirus (known also as epidemic diarrhea virus of infant mice) causes a disease in infant mice quite similar to the human diarrheal disease [177]. A variety of criteria can be used for studying the severity of the infection in experimentally infected mice. These include failure to gain weight, incidence of diarrhea, degree of macroscopic alteration of intestinal appearance, ratio of intestine weight to whole-body weight, histopathologic alteration of intestinal villi, serum sodium level, and concentration of detectable virus in the intestinal contents [178,179]. Two studies have been reported using variations of the rotaviral gastroenteritis system of mice [180,181]. Other nonhuman strains of rotavirus (such as bovine, porcine, simian, and ovine) will cause similar diarrheal diseases in their respective hosts [182].
Viral infections
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Sarah Elizabeth Blutt, Mary K. Estes, Satya Dandekar, Phillip D. Smith
As of April 2018, routine vaccination of infants against rotavirus has been implemented in 95 countries globally. After vaccine implementation, substantial declines in the incidence of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis have been documented, reductions in hospitalization for diarrhea are seen, and childhood deaths from diarrhea are significantly reduced. In several countries, reductions in severe gastroenteritis have been documented in children who are unvaccinated, and in older adults, suggesting that vaccination of young infants indirectly protects these groups by reducing rotavirus transmission in the community, indicating that the vaccines provide some level of herd as well as individual immunity.
All-cause gastroenteritis hospitalisations of children decreased after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Stockholm
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Selma Olsson-Åkefeldt, Maria Rotzén-Östlund, Berit Hammas, Margareta Eriksson, Rutger Bennet
In 2016 diarrhoea was globally the fifth leading cause of death in children <5 years and rotavirus was the leading causative agent [1]. Vaccination against rotavirus has been effective in reducing the number of deaths [2]. Many countries have introduced vaccination against rotavirus in their national vaccination programmes with a substantial effect on hospitalisations for both rotavirus gastroenteritis and all-cause gastroenteritis. A prospective study of hospitalisations due to rotavirus gastroenteritis 2007–2008 in Sweden showed that the problem was considerable and that the introduction of the vaccine was desirable [3]. Sweden was one of the last countries in Europe to introduce the vaccine as part of the national childhood vaccination programme (September 2019) but in Stockholm Region the vaccines Rotarix® (GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK or Rotateq® (Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA) were offered to children born from 1 March 2014. Vaccination coverage reached 85% in 2016 and 90% in 2017 per Stockholm Region healthcare statistics (www.vardgivarguiden.se).
A review of rotavirus vaccine use in Asia and the Pacific regions: challenges and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Philippe Buchy, Jing Chen, Xu-Hao Zhang, Bernd Benninghoff, Christa Lee, Gyneth Lourdes Bibera
Rotavirus infection is the leading cause worldwide of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under 5 years of age and causes dehydration of varying degrees [1,2]. Children are at risk of rotavirus infection regardless of widespread implementation of hygiene practices along with exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, vitamin A supplementation, and access to safe drinking water [3]. Several vaccines have been developed for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and serve as an effective means to protect children from RVGE [3,4]. Currently, four rotavirus vaccines are prequalified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and available internationally: the monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (HRV; Rotarix, GSK); the pentavalent human-bovine reassortant rotavirus vaccine (HBRV; RotaTeq, Merck & Co. Inc.); the naturally occurring bovine-human reassortant neonatal G9P[11], also called 116E (Rotavac, Bharat Biotech); and the bovine-human reassortant with human G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 bovine UK G6P[5] backbone (RotaSiil, Serum Institute of India Ltd) [4].
Decreased performance of live attenuated, oral rotavirus vaccines in low-income settings: causes and contributing factors
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Daniel E. Velasquez, Umesh Parashar, Baoming Jiang
Rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide [1]. The main symptoms of rotavirus gastroenteritis are low-grade fever, vomiting, and acute watery diarrhea. Vaccines represent the optimal practice for preventing the severe consequences of rotavirus infection, especially in impoverished regions where resources and access to medical care are usually limited. Two live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines were licensed in 2006. Rotarix (RV1, GSK Biologics) is a two-dose monovalent (G1P[8]) human rotavirus vaccine. RotaTeq (RV5, Merck & Co.) is a three-dose pentavalent vaccine consisting of a mixture of bovine-human mono-reassortants carrying the genes encoding the human G1, G2, G3, G4, and P[8] in the genetic background of a bovine rotavirus WC3 (G6P[5]) [2]. In 2009, the WHO recommended implementation of rotavirus vaccines worldwide. Rotavirus vaccine is recommended to be administered in infancy concurrently with polio, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, and pneumococcal (PCV) vaccines as early as 6 weeks of age [3,4]. Currently, rotavirus vaccines are introduced into national immunization programs of 85 countries and in a phase introduction of 7, including 41 GAVI-eligible countries with financial support for vaccine procurement [5]. Implementation of rotavirus vaccines into national vaccination programs has led to substantial declines in the burden of severe gastroenteritis in several countries [5–7].