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Conclusion
Published in Bertha Alvarez Manninen, Jack Mulder Jr., Civil Dialogue on Abortion, 2018
Bertha Alvarez Manninen, Jack Mulder Jr.
Still, when people have already made a decision not to be abstinent and not to be faithful and to engage in sex that puts them or their partners at high risk of infection or of an unplanned (and unwelcome) pregnancy, and they are aware of the risks and concerns, even Mulder can agree that at that point it does little good to rail against contraception. Indeed, when someone is on the point of engaging in risky sexual behavior and will not relent, Mulder would concede that it may show some (perhaps budding) moral awareness to employ some manner of contraception. Mulder insists that this would not entail that the act itself would be morally right, it would merely signal, as (then) Pope Benedict XVI did in 2010, that this may be a way of showing some respect for one’s partners and, Mulder suggests, perhaps the situation into which potential offspring might be born.
Differences in HIV-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Among Psychiatric Outpatients With and Without a History of a Sexually Transmitted Infection
Published in Michael B. Blank, Marlene M. Eisenberg, HIV: Issues with Mental Health and Illness, 2014
Peter A. Vanable, Michael P. Carey, Kate B. Carey, Stephen A. Maisto
Most publicly funded STI clinics are mandated to provide risk-reduction counseling. However, with a few notable exceptions (Coury-Doniger, Levenkron, McGrath, Knox, & Urban, 2000; Kamb et al., 1998), clinic-based risk-reduction counseling is limited to didactic messages concerning methods to reduce risks for STIs and HIV, with little emphasis on skills training required to achieve lasting change. The trends observed in this sample may reflect this emphasis. As a result of receiving STI care, psychiatric patients in our sample may have experienced heightened awareness of their vulnerability to STIs (including HIV) and became more knowledgeable about HIV. However, without more intensive risk-reduction counseling, these patients maintained the same risky sexual behavior patterns that made them vulnerable to an STI in the first place.
Stimulant Use Disorder
Published in James MacKillop, George A. Kenna, Lorenzo Leggio, Lara A. Ray, Integrating Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Addictive Disorders, 2017
Allison M. Daurio, Mary R. Lee
Men who have sex with men (MSM) have a higher prevalence of psychostimulant use than the general population [32]. This group also has an increased risk of transmission and higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via unprotected anal sex and sharing needles for drug use. Due to these specific public health issues, researchers have worked to develop treatments targeting MSM who use psychostimulants. Specifically, GCBT targets both drug use and risky sexual behavior. In a study comparing GCBT to conventional CBT, CM, or CBT + CM, there were no differences in treatment response at 26 weeks’ follow-up in terms of drug use. However, individuals in GCBT reduced their stimulant use faster than the comparative groups [33]. In another study comparing 16 weeks of GCBT to eight weeks of either CBT, CBT + CM, or GCBT, 16 weeks of GCBT showed the largest benefit in continued abstinence and total substance use with medium effect sizes [34]. In terms of reduced risky sexual behavior, GCBT helped reduce the occurrence of unprotected receptive anal intercourse within the first four weeks of treatment, as compared to CM, CM + CBT, or CBT [10]. GCBT has been shown to reduce oral sex by 25%, unprotected receptive anal sex by 23%, unprotected insertive anal sex by 20%, and the mean number of sexual partners from 8.6 to 2.9 individuals [35]. GCBT may not be specifically better in reducing stimulant use compared to other evidence-based treatments, but it shows equal efficacy. Further, it addresses risky sexual behavior as a preventative measure in the transmission of HIV. Therefore, it is an important form of treatment for this specific subpopulation of stimulant users.
“Today one partner, tomorrow another one, and no one is suspicious that you are gay”: A Qualitative Study of Understanding HIV Related Risk Behavior Among MSM in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2022
Stela Stojisavljevic, Bosiljka Djikanovic, Bojana Matejic
Although our research design does not allow for making any inference about prevalence rates of the risky sexual behavior, we identified that inconsistent use of condoms could be associated with the use of opioid substances prior to intercourse and alcohol abuse, which certainly leads to an increased risk for HIV in this population group. That is also consistent with the findings from Mackesy-Amiti, Fendrich, and Johnson (2010), and solid quantitative findings from the above mentioned EMIS study on the associations between substance use and unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with multiple non-steady partners (Kramer et al., 2015). Kramer et al. (2015) found that higher levels of education among MSM is consistently associated with more health-protective behaviors in terms of having a smaller number of non-steady partners and condom use. Although we could not make any firm associations between personal sexual behavior and educational level, it is interesting that personal success (in terms of educational achievement and becoming influential) was perceived as a factor that would greatly empower them to build resilience, avoid stigma and gain acceptance from their families and society. These findings reinforce the importance of investments in general education and equal opportunities for personal development among MSM.
Factors Associated with Sexually Transmitted Infections among Users of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Centers in Portugal
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2022
Eleonora C. V. Costa, Tânia Barbosa, M. Soares, Teresa McIntyre, M. Graça Pereira
Risk perception is also associated with STIs, with low perception of risk being associated with engaging in sexual risk behaviors, that is, those who do not perceive themselves to be at risk of contracting a STI are less likely to use condoms and therefore more likely to become infected (Sychareun et al., 2013). Indeed, the majority of studies show that most people generally do not perceive themselves to be at risk of STIs despite their involvement in risky sexual behavior (Afriyie & Essilfie, 2019). According to the Health Belief Model (HBM; (Rosenstock et al., 1994), the likelihood for an individual to have a health behavior is influenced by the perceived susceptibility to the disease. Therefore, those who perceive themselves to be at risk are not expected to have sexual risk behaviors and consequently acquire STIs. However, in a study by Muchiri et al. (2017), perceived risk for HIV infection was not associated with consistent condom use. Furthermore, gender differences have been found, with perceived risk of getting HIV being significantly associated with being male and with having more knowledge about STIs and HIV (Sychareun et al., 2013).
Psychological Distress as a Primer for Sexual Risk Taking Among Emerging Adults
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Delishia M. Pittman, Cassandra Riedy Rush, Sarah Litt, Melanie L. Minges, Alicia A. Quayson
Emerging adults, while being particularly vulnerable to high levels of psychological distress, are also vulnerable to adverse sexual health outcomes. Emerging adulthood is often characterized as a period of perceived invincibility or, at a minimum, a diminished understanding of one’s true risk for adverse health outcomes related to behaviors (e.g., problematic alcohol consumption, unprotected sex, etc.) which can, in turn, confer risk of the underestimated adverse health outcomes. Risky sexual behavior is often measured as having sexual intercourse with multiple or concurrent partners, having sex with strangers, having unprotected sex, having sex while under the influence of substances, and neglecting to discuss sexual risks with partners (Caldeira et al., 2009; Looby et al., 2019), however, risk burden is both highly variable and highly contextual as it pertains to any one or combination of these behaviors.