China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Infections and infestations of nail unit
Published in Archana Singal, Shekhar Neema, Piyush Kumar, Nail Disorders, 2019
Vineet Relhan, Vikrant Choubey
Orf is a parapox virus that is usually transmitted to humans from sheep or goats. Orf virus infection is known as ecthyma contagiosum and is commonly seen in butchers and herd handlers. In Muslim-predominated communities, orf infection of the hands is seen as a yearly outbreak as goats and sheep are sacrificed as part of festivities.28 Animals infected with orf virus typically develop scabby sores around their mouth. A break in the skin caused by trivial trauma is required for inoculation in humans. After 3–5 days, a pruritic firm papule or nodule surrounded by a halo appears at the site of trauma that ulcerates over a span of days to weeks, revealing a granulomatous lesion. Hands are the most common sites to be involved. Paronychium is often the primary site of inoculation. The disease is self-limiting and the lesion undergoes spontaneous resolution over 6–8 weeks. Failure of spontaneous resolution may be seen in immune-compromised patients, when excision may be required. In a case series, topical imiquimod applied for a week was found to be effective in shortening the time required to healing.29
Rural diseases
Published in Jim Cox, Iain Mungall, Rural Healthcare, 2017
Little is known about the behaviour of the orf virus during pregnancy. However, a case was reported in 1993 from South Dakota where a lady developed orf at 33 weeks gestation. There were no pathological findings in the baby, which was born at term, or in the placenta.
Cidofovir and Brincidofovir
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Graciela Andrei, Robert Snoeck
The activity of CDV against orthopoxviruses has been assessed in several animal models using mice (most frequently), rabbits, or monkeys (Smee, 2008; Smee and Sidwell, 2003). Treatment of vaccinia virus infections has been well studied in models involving infection either of scarified skin, or resulting from intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracerebral or intranasal virus inoculation (see Table 216.3). Cowpox virus has been used in intranasal or aerosol infection studies to evaluate the treatment with CDV of lethal respiratory infections. Rabbitpox, monkeypox, and variola (smallpox) viruses have been employed to a lesser extent than the other viruses. The efficacy of topical CDV against orf virus in lambs has been described (Scagliarini et al., 2007). Two reviews have extensively revised the activity of CDV and other drugs active against orthopoxviruses in animal models (Smee, 2008; Smee and Sidwell, 2003). CDV prophylaxis of nonhuman primates exposed to large quantities of monkeypox virus or variola virus completely protected the animals, with no signs of illness and control of viral replication in blood, while the placebo-treated animals had > 850 lesions and levels of virus in blood > 107 genomes/ml. CDV treatment as late as 48 hours after infection also reduced viral load and lesions count (Huggins et al., 2004).
Orf virus infection of the hand in a Scottish sheep farmer. A case report to increase awareness to avoid misdiagnosis
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Yasmeen Khan, Jordon Currie, Clare Miller, David Lawrie
Awareness of infections which are transmitted between animals and humans have been given prominence due to the devastation caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or more commonly known as the coronavirus. The Orf virus infection is a zoonotic parapox virus carried by sheep and goats [1]. The infected animal presents with scabs around the mouth, this has resulted in the infection commonly known as scabby mouth disease or sore mouth disease [2]. Agricultural workers, vets, sheep shearers, butchers and other humans who are in contact with infected sheep are susceptible to the infection. In humans, the hand is the most common site of manifestation resulting in skin lesions [3]. The virus is a parapoxvirus containing DNA and is transmitted directly thorough open wounds [4]. The incubation period varies up to two weeks post exposure. The patient can have local signs on the hand but also present with extra skeletal manifestation such as fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy. If the patient is immunocompromised the severity of infection can be significant causing long term morbidity [5]. The skin lesions have specific features which suggest an Orf virus infection. This is the case report of the orf virus infection in a Scottish sheep farmer from Aberdeenshire.