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Parasite Versus Host: Pathology and Disease
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
A granuloma represents the host’s attempt to isolate an antigenic source and mitigate the damage caused by this source. In schistosomiasis, the source of antigens is the egg itself (Figure 5.19). Granulomas result in considerable pathology. Once granulomas have initially formed, the excess collagen and other extracellular matrix material deposited around them cause scarring. In the liver, such scarring disrupts liver function. In severe cases, it can occlude branches of the portal vein, causing portal hypertension. Ultimately, ascites, the buildup of tissue fluid in the mesenteries and abdominal cavity, can result. Nevertheless, things would be much worse if granulomas did not form. Rampant inflammation in response to egg antigens would result in progressive tissue necrosis and ultimately organ failure. It’s worth noting that the granulomatous response is good for the parasite as well. Recent evidence has shown that it is vital in helping eggs transit into the intestinal lumen.
How to prevent and treat chemotherapy-induced nail abnormalities
Published in Robert Baran, Dimitris Rigopoulos, Chander Grover, Eckart Haneke, Nail Therapies, 2021
Nevertheless, the standard of care for pyogenic granuloma is surgery when necessary. Under local digital block anesthesia, a curettage of granulation tissue and partial removal of the nail plate were completed with partial matricectomy confined to the lateral horns, achieved with chemical cauterization with 88% phenol (phenolization).
Filler Materials: Indications, Contraindications, and Special Considerations in Oncology Patients
Published in Paloma Tejero, Hernán Pinto, Aesthetic Treatments for the Oncology Patient, 2020
Comprehensive study is mandatory in patients with ruptured silicone prostheses [29]. Although the use of liquid silicone for breast augmentation is now prohibited, it is still used illegally. Although very rare, carcinomas on granulomas have been described [30].
TBC and COVID: an interplay between two infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Giuseppe Murdaca, Francesca Paladin, Gloria Mangini, Debora Tiso, Sebastiano Gangemi
When the macrophage fails to eliminate the mycobacterium, monocytes are recruited and differentiated into macrophages. Macrophage-derived giant cells and lymphocytes cause the development of a caseous granuloma to compartmentalize infection [35]. Granuloma prevents further spread of bacteria. If a small antigenic load is present at the time the macrophages are stimulated, a small granuloma is formed, while the bacteria are destroyed with minimal tissue damage; however, if many bacteria are present, large necrotic or caseous granulomas are encapsulated by fibrin that effectively protects the bacteria from macrophage killing [36]. The bacteria may remain dormant at this stage or be reactivated years later when the patient’s immunologic response wanes as an outcome of advanced age, immunosuppressive disease, or therapy [37]. This is the reason why, in patients exposed to M. tuberculosis, the disease may not develop until later in life. Bacille Calmette-Guerin is the only licensed vaccine and provides protection against childhood TB [38].
Sarcoidosis presenting as acute pericarditis. A case report and review of pericardial sarcoidosis
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2022
Alexandre Unger, Philippe Unger, Raphaël Mottale, Mihaela Amzulescu, Abraham J. Beun
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that may affect virtually any organ. Its prevalence varies with ethnicity and geographical location, with a female predominance. It usually develops before the age of 50. For unknown reasons, an exaggerated immune response leads to the formation of non-caseating granulomas. It primarily involves the lungs and lymphatic system but the heart can be affected in 2 to 5% of cases, and up to 25% in autopsy series [1,2]. Cardiac sarcoidosis usually targets the myocardium and conduction pathways [1]. As a result of its morbidity and mortality, cardiac involvement should be thoroughly evaluated in all patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis [3]. When pericardial disease is present, it usually manifests as an asymptomatic mild effusion [4]. However, literature on symptomatic disease such as acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, and cardiac tamponade is scarce.
Aqueous humor cytokines and cellular profiles in pediatric ocular granulomas caused by theTrematode Fluke Procerovum sp
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Rathinam SR, Lalan Kumar Arya, R. Siva Ganesa Karthikeyan, Sagnik Sen
Human parasitic ocular infections are very rare and only a few known species have an ocular tropism.1,2 This study was conducted on children from east coastal areas of South India who developed a granulomatous eye disease after swimming in the pond/river water. In a previous study on 42 children, we identified the causative agent as the cercarial larva of trematode parasite, Procerovum which entered accidentally in their eyes while swimming.6,7 The clinical picture of these patients varied with the differing course of the disease; type 1: mild-red eye and no granuloma formation, type 2: granuloma formation which progressively increases in size, reaching 5–7 mm, and type 3: granuloma healed with fibrosis. In our patients, either the granuloma or the subsequent fibrosis blocked the visual axis and because of recurrent infection in some children, they lost their vision permanently. Hence, the granulomas were surgically excised to control chronic inflammation. Neither the pathogenesis nor the possibilities of medical treatment have been studied. This study aims to understand the immunopathogenesis of this inflammatory disease in aqueous fluid of the eyes of the infected patients.