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Replication
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Concerning vaccine applications, Larifan significantly enhanced action of a commercial herpes vaccine in mice (Barinskii et al. 1993), enhanced specific antibody production, and at least doubled cell-mediated immune response by immunization of mice with recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine (Barinskii et al. 1994a). Moreover, Larifan used parenterally was combined with herpetic vaccine to treat severe recurrent herpes in 32 patients and led to amelioration of the clinical symptoms of recurrence (Potekaev et al. 1992). Ultrasonic spraying of Larifan solution was employed for treating acute herpetic stomatitis in 100 children (Mamedova et al. 1991). Interferon was found more effective by ultrasonic spraying, but Larifan was still effective enough. Furthermore, the drug demonstrated high antiviral efficacy against Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus strain Ondatra in experiments with laboratory animals. The drug prevented the death of 65% infected mice and significantly decreased infection severity in rabbits (Loginova et al. 2002). However, virus reproduction on cell culture was suppressed mildly, while human adenovirus serotype 2 was not suppressed by Larifan in vitro at all (Nosach et al. 1998). Immunomodulatory therapy with Larifan was studied in women with genital papillomavirus infection (Rogovskaya et al. 2002).
Prevention and Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Ticks are the vectors of Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHF), Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), and CCHF. Although birds intrude as hosts for juvenile ticks into the ecosystems of all three infections, only CCHF has been very widely disseminated in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa, probably by migratory birds carrying infected ticks.
Comparative genome analysis of Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus with Kyasanur forest disease and tick-borne encephalitis viruses by the in silico approach
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Navaneethan Palanisamy, Dario Akaberi, Johan Lennerstrand, Åke Lundkvist
TBEV includes three subtypes. We used TBEV in our study, particularly the Neudoerfl strain (which causes neurological syndrome), instead of Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) which causes hemorrhagic symptoms, for comparison because we aimed to show how AHFV (which claimed to be tick-borne based on phylogenetic grouping with TBEV serocomplex) could be related to the classical tick-borne virus on other features. As AHFV infections were found to cause neurological syndrome, we determined it to be the right choice for the comparison.
Role of structural disorder in the multi-functionality of flavivirus proteins
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2022
Shivani Krishna Kapuganti, Aparna Bhardwaj, Prateek Kumar, Taniya Bhardwaj, Namyashree Nayak, Vladimir N. Uversky, Rajanish Giri
These were the common examples of flaviviruses associated with a substantial fraction of outbreaks responsible for flavivirus infections. However, there are few lesser known examples that, though obscure now, may follow trend and lead to sudden epidemics. The Usutsu (USUV), Ilheus (ILHV), and Rocio (ROCV) flaviviruses belong to the JEV serocomplex [2]. In terms of vectors and intermediate hosts, USUV is closely related to WNV. It was initially isolated from South Africa in 1959, however, during 2014–2015, it was detected in different parts of Europe and was associated with avian mortality. Reports of encephalitis, febrile disease and paralysis caused by USUV exist. It shares around 76% sequence identity with WNV indicating that it may emerge like WNV [58]. ILHV was identified in Brazil in 1944. However, now it circulates widely in South America and can cause febrile disease leading to encephalitis [59]. ROCV was associated with an encephalitis epidemic in Brazil in 1975 where it lead to 13% case fatality. Some of the survivors had developed neurological complications. These viruses use Aedes and Culex mosquitoes as vectors [60]. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) include examples such as Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus, Powassan virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, Karshi virus, Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus, etc. Some of these viruses can cause vascular leakage and severe neuroinvasive diseases. The geographical coverage of TBEVs is increasing due to changing climate and human activities [61]. The Spondweni virus is closely related to ZIKV. It has around 75% sequence similarity to ZIKV. In 2016, it was detected in Culex mosquitoes. It can cause vascular shock and neurological complications in severe infections [62,63]. Regardless, looking into the molecular level would raise the understanding of viral mechanism and shed light on how to inhibit the functionality of the viruses.
Platelet interactions with viruses and parasites
Published in Platelets, 2015
These can be divided into two groups: those that are transmitted by mosquitos (Dengue virus (DENV) and Yellow fever virus) [26] and those that are transmitted by ticks (Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus [27] and Kyanasur Forest virus [28]). DENV is the most clinically relevant flavivirus due primarily to the 100 million infections per year with case fatality rates between 1 and 15% [29, 30]. Of these around 500 000 will progress to develop Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) [29–32].