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Bowel disorders
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
Noroviruses are RNA viruses that commonly cause acute gastroenteritis, especially in hospital and care home settings. Following a 12-to-24-hour incubation period, infections present with abdominal cramping, watery diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting.49 However, up to 30% of infected people are asymptomatic.50 Norovirus infection produces a brief and self-limiting illness in most people (within three days) but frail older people are at increased risk of morbidity (e.g. dehydration or aspiration pneumonia) and mortality.49 In people aged over 85, symptoms commonly last four to nine days.50 Transmission is by person to person, contact with contaminated surfaces or consuming contaminated food (i.e. infected food handlers). Person to person spread is by far the commonest factor in health and care settings.49 Norovirus is highly infectious due to the combination of high viral shedding in vomit and stools, low infectious dose required and environmental stability of the organism.
Infectious Diarrhoea
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Norovirus is an important cause of diarrhoea in children and a major cause of hospital outbreaks of diarrhoea and vomiting. Enterovirus is another viral cause of community-acquired diarrhoea, and incidence is highest in the summer months. Adenovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis are mainly seen in infants, children and immunocompromised individuals. From 2006 onwards, countries have been implementing rotavirus vaccination in infants as part of national immunization schedules which led to a dramatic reduction in cases of more than 70%.
The safety and quality of food
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
With some of the now most important foodborne bacteria, illness can result from the consumption of small numbers of organisms (say <10,000) and thus contamination of any food with these organisms may in itself be sufficient to cause illness. Such organism are said to have a low infective dose and in these cases infection could result from drinking contaminated water or in some cases spread from person to person or from animals to people e.g. in children’s petting farms. Of the major food-poisoning bacteria, both the Campylobacter and E. coli 0157 have a low infective dose. Simple contamination of the food is enough to cause food poisoning in such cases if the food is not subjected to further heat treatment. Norovirus is highly contagious and can be spread from person-to-person as well as from contaminated food.
Impact of Levy noise on a stochastic Norovirus epidemic model with information intervention
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ting Cui, Anwarud Din, Peijiang Liu, Amir Khan
The dry atmosphere along with some coolness in the air, individuals immunities and viral development are tested as the sources of NoV spreading. Norovirus may live strongly in winter with over half of infections occurring in the winter days (Ahmed et al. 2013; Din and Li 2021). Noroviruses lies winter time or seasonal in temperature weather same to several other respiration and gastro-small viruses. But, Norovirus infection disease is definitely not regular. Opposite of Rotavirus, the Norovirus highest value often transfer by calendar weeks or years between different weathers (Rohayem 2009; Marshall and Bruggink 2011). Humans having different ages can be infectious and sick with Norovirus (Carmona-Vicente et al. 2015). One may infected from Norovirus illness again and again in life cycle due to several various kinds of Noroviruses (Gaythorpe et al. 2018). Infection with one kind of Norovirus may not safe you against other kinds (Khan et al. 2021). It is not impossible to make strong immunity to (safeness against) proper kinds. However, it is not found, how long immunities remains (Khan et al. 2018). It shows why several humans having different ages take said infection during Norovirus outbreaks (Hall et al. 2013). Also, if you are Susceptible to Norovirus Infection or not, it also determined in parts by your genes (Murata et al. 2007; Lai et al. 2013).
Follow-up evaluation for norovirus asymptomatic infection among healthy adults: a prospective matched cohort study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Daiki Kobayashi, Kyoko Yokota, Shizuka Yamagata-Uyama, Mayuko Saito
We conducted a prospective cohort study at the Centre of Preventive Medicine, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan from February 2017 to May 2019. We invited all participants with norovirus detection in stool samples in our previous cross-sectional study (from February 2017 to January 2018) [4] to participate in this prospective cohort study (from March 2019 to May 2019). As comparisons, we also invited age- and sex-matched, but those without norovirus detection. Participants who agreed to participate provided written consent and were asked to provide a stool specimen. Our outcome was detection of norovirus in stool specimens based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. We evaluated the norovirus in the stool specimen and (1) compared the norovirus detection between those detected and those not detected in the previous study, (2) evaluated the follow-up viral shedding and reinfection risk among those who were previously norovirus positive, and (3) evaluated the risk of new asymptomatic norovirus infection among those who were previously norovirus negative. We defined the asymptomatic norovirus infection as the defection of norovirus in the stool specimen among participants who did not have any gastrointestinal symptom within two weeks.
Understanding the relationship between norovirus diversity and immunity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Lauren A. Ford-Siltz, Kentaro Tohma, Gabriel I. Parra
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in the modern world, and are implicated in upwards of 200,000 deaths worldwide, primarily in children from developing countries.20,21 In healthy individuals, norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting) that resolves within 24–48 hours, with virus shedding typically lasting between 2 and 8 weeks in the stool.22 However, in vulnerable populations (like the elderly, malnourished children, or immunocompromised individuals), the length and severity of disease is increased. Specifically, in immunocompromised individuals, gastroenteritis symptoms and viral shedding can last months or years.23 In addition to the disease burden, norovirus presents a major impact on the global economy, with around 4.2 USD billion in direct health-care costs and an additional 60.3 USD billion in indirect costs, i.e. loss of productivity due to absenteeism of work or morbidity.24