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An approach to pathogen discovery for viral infections of the nervous system
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Prashanth S. Ramachandran, Michael R. Wilson
Antibody detection has been a cornerstone of infectious diagnostics for decades. Antibody testing has played a critical role in clinical neurovirology as many viruses are difficult to identify through direct methods when they are in low abundance and/or only persist in the CNS only for hours to days [53,54]. However, antibody testing is also traditionally only ordered on a per-pathogen basis. VirScan is a T7 phage display platform that allows for the simultaneous detection of thousands of anti-viral antibodies in a patient sample (Table 3.1) [10]. VirScan is another application of phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-Seq), which was originally developed as a tool for autoantibody detection [55].
Arenaviruses and Neurovirology
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Representatives of each of the groups are clearly causes of zoonotic infections of man, that is, infections primarily of animals that can be passed directly or indirectly to man. Many of the groups, however, are rare or unproven causes of human infection. In many ways, LCM is one of the ancestors of neurovirology because it was the first clearly documented cause of viral meningitis and much of this chapter will be devoted to the classical agent and the manifestations of disease that it may cause. Human infections caused by other members of Arenaviridae are primarily viral hemorrhagic fevers including Lassa fever in parts of Africa and primarily members of clade B of the New World group including the Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, and Sabia viruses.
Prion controversy, 1982–1997
Published in Kiheung Kim, The Social Construction of Disease, 2006
Throughout all this work during the 1990s, the two camps of prion believers and prion sceptics failed to reach agreement on the meaning of their scientific results. For those most closely involved in work on scrapie and other supposed prion diseases, the evidence remained insufficient to decide conclusively one way or another. In 1994, for instance, the Chancellor of the University of California at San Francisco, Joseph Martin, who is also a neurologist, claimed that the prion hypothesis had stood the test of every experiment that could possibly be devised (Kolata 1994). On the other hand, one of the sceptics, Robert Rowher, director of the molecular neurovirology unit at the Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center in Baltimore, urged that the agent is a very hardy and robust virus. Dissent still raged amongst scientists at the time.
Magnetic core mesoporous silica nanoparticles doped with dacarbazine and labelled with 99mTc for early and differential detection of metastatic melanoma by single photon emission computed tomography
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Filipe Leal Portilho, Edward Helal-Neto, Santiago Sánchez Cabezas, Suyene Rocha Pinto, Sofia Nascimento dos Santos, Lorena Pozzo, Félix Sancenón, Ramón Martínez-Máñez, Ralph Santos-Oliveira
MV3 human melanoma cells, obtained from Dr. C. Marcienkewicz (Temple University Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Philadelphia, PA), were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), enriched with 10% FBS (foetal bovine serum), 3.7 g/l sodium bicarbonate, 5.2 g/l HEPES (4–(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), 0.5 U/ml penicillin and 0.5 mg/ml streptomycin at 37 °C/5% CO2. After reaching confluence, cells were detached by a brief treatment with 0.1/0.01% trypsin/ ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), collected by centrifugation, resuspended in fresh 10% FBS medium DMEM and cultured (104 cells/well) on 96-well flat plates, overnight. After that, cells were treated with magnetic core-mesoporous silica doped with dacarbazine (0.1–10 µg/ml) in fresh 1% FBS medium DMEM, at 37 °C in humidified 5% CO2. After 72 h, MTT (3–(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed as previously described by Rosa et al. [19]. Briefly, cells were incubated with MTT (1 mg/ml) in 1% FBS DMEM, in the dark at 37 °C, for 2 h, allowing MTT be reduced to formazan crystals by viable cells. The formazan crystals formed were dissolved in isopropanol for 30 min and the optical densitometry obtained using a microplate reader (BIO-RAD, Hercules, CA) with 570 nm filter. For calculation, a standard curve was built using increasing concentrations of adhered MV3 cells (103–5 × 104 cells/well) cultured overnight at 37 °C in 5% CO2 atmosphere, to perform. The MTT assay as described. Results are shown as percentage of control, of two independent experiments performed in triplicate.
NeurHistAlert 24
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2018
Frank W. Stahnisch, Jyh Yung Hor
Kildebeck EJ, Narayan R, Nath A, Weiner H, Beh S, Calabresi PA, Steinman L, Major EO, Frohman TC, Frohman EM (2017): The emergence of neuroepidemiology, neurovirology and neuroimmunology: The legacies of John F. Kurtzke and Richard ‘Dick’ T. Johnson. Journal of Neurology 264: 817–828.