China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Viruses
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
In people with measles, multinucleated giant cells are frequently found in respiratory secretions. Antibodies to the neuraminidase hemagglu tina ting proteins and some antibodies to the fusion protein neutralize virus infectivity; however, only antibodies to the fusion protein inhibit virus-mediated fusion of cells. There is only one serotype of measles virus and therefore a monovalent vaccine is all that is needed. An attenuated strain of the virus is used. Vaccination against measles should not take place before nine months of age. Passively acquired maternal antibody to measles virus normally protects young children from infection, but, for reasons not fully understood, the maternal antibody appears to impede or alter the child′s immune response to the vaccine. In such individuals the course of infection may be altered to favor persistent viral infection in lymphoid tissues and the central nervous system. These infections, which can persist for a long time, cause the development of the debilitating condition known as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In children with this type of measles infection, there may be progressive destruction of the nervous system, which is ultimately fatal.
Specific Infections in Children
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Neal Russell, Sarah May Johnson, Andrew Chapman, Christian Harkensee, Sylvia Garry, Bhanu Williams
Complications may be directly related to the measles virus, due to secondary bacterial infection, or due to underlying vulnerabilities such as malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. Common acute complications include otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhoea, croup and stomatitis. Ocular complications require special attention and include purulent conjunctivitis, keratitis and xeropthalmia. More rarely acute measles encephalitis may occur. Post-measles complications include malnutrition and increased susceptibility to infections. Sub-acute sclerosing pan-encephalitis is a rare delayed complication. Case fatality is normally low in previously well children and in high-income settings; however, high mortality has been observed in malnourished children.
Neurology and neurosurgery
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
Degenerative brain diseases are usually recessive. Most infants are normal at birth. There is progressive loss of previously acquired motor, sensory and intellectual functions. Measles virus has been grown from cerebral lesions of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis which may appear many years after the initial infection. Heterozygotes for Tay Sachs disease can be identified by serum assay of hexosaminidase A. Prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy is possible by measurement of arylsulphatase A in cultured amniotic cells.
Reduced antiviral seropositivity among patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive agents
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Hisashi Shiga, Takahiro Takahashi, Manabu Shiraki, Yasuhiro Kojima, Tsuyotoshi Tsuji, Sho Takagi, Keiichiro Hiramoto, Naonobu Yokoyama, Mikako Sugimura, Masahiro Iwabuchi, Katsuya Endo, Motoyuki Onodera, Yuichirou Sato, Yosuke Shimodaira, Eiki Nomura, Tatsuya Kikuchi, Hirofumi Chiba, Shinya Oomori, Hisaaki Kudo, Kazuki Kumada, Satoshi Nagaie, Soichi Ogishima, Fuji Nagami, Yusuke Shimoyama, Rintaro Moroi, Masatake Kuroha, Yoichi Kakuta, Takashi Ishige, Yoshitaka Kinouchi, Atsushi Masamune
Inadequate vaccination programs against viral pathogens are of special concern for immunocompromised individuals, as they are particularly vulnerable to viral infection and/or development of severe disease. For example, measles virus is highly infectious and can cause severe or fatal disease in immunocompetent children and adults [1], and immunocompromised patients are at even greater risk for measles encephalitis and pneumonia [2]. Primary varicella (chickenpox) infection results in disseminated disease in ∼30% of immunocompromised patients [3], causing fatal pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis, or hemorrhagic disorders [1,4]. Although vaccination programs have largely controlled measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in many countries [3], transmission of these viruses is inadequately controlled in many counties, including Japan [5–7]. Moreover, an increasing number of cases of measles has been observed in recent years even in Western countries, in part because of the reluctance of parents to vaccinate their children; a phenomenon known as ‘vaccine hesitancy’ [8–10].
Inhaled vaccine delivery in the combat against respiratory viruses: a 2021 overview of recent developments and implications for COVID-19
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Rick Heida, Wouter LJ Hinrichs, Henderik W Frijlink
We expect that in five years from now, devices for pulmonary administration to animals have been improved, both with regard to vaccine deposition site and with regard to the emitted fine-particle fraction. These developments will be key in order to more accurately administer dry powder vaccines to small laboratory animals. We also believe that more research will be needed on the effective stabilization of complex vaccines like vector-based vaccines and mRNA vaccines in order to retain their vaccine efficacy upon drying. Moreover, as current dry powder-inhalers often lead to inadequate particle size distribution profiles, development of effective dry-powder inhalers suitable for vaccine inhalation will be an important challenge for the near future. As results so far have been overall convincing, we believe that aerosolized vaccines may provide an additional force in the eradication of the measles virus.
Current development of Zika virus vaccines with special emphasis on virus-like particle technology
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Velasco Cimica, Jose M Galarza, Sujatha Rashid, Timothy T. Stedman
Viral vectors have recently been approved as a strategy for immunization; vaccines using the adenoviral vectors Ad26 and ChAdOx1 were developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection [112,113]. An adjuvant is not required in the formulation for viral vector vaccines, and in some cases, a booster immunization is not necessary [103,106,108,114,115]. However, the clinical use of adenovirus and vaccinia viral systems could be hampered by the presence of preexisting immunity against the vector. By contrast, measles viral vectors seem to induce strong immune responses even in animals or humans previously immunized against measles [114]. The administration of replication competent viral vector vaccines such as measles and vaccinia is contraindicated in immunocompromised people [115]. In particular, live measles virus vaccines are not recommended for pregnant women due to the risk of viral spread to the fetus [63].