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Other Clinical Forms Emerge in Sri Lanka
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
Few countries in the SEA region aimed at elimination of visceral leishmaniasis initially by 2015 in which multiple difficulties were encountered at the commencement and during the progression of the activities (Chowdhury et al., 2014; Gurunath et al., 2014; Bhandari et al., 2011). Among many challenges, the fact that only a minority of L. donovani infections progress to clinical disease was identified as a leading cause. Various studies have described asymptomatic infection in different ways that include subclinical forms in serologically positive individuals and minimal or self-resolving infection or laboratory positivity without clinical features (Badaro et al., 1986; Srivastava et al., 2013). Asymptomatic carriers are known to play an important role in maintaining the disease/infection epidemic in a community (Stauch et al., 2011). Asymptomatic individuals are not identified or treated in many communities, and the treatment with expensive and toxic drugs is not justified even if the infection status is confirmed. However, the role of such infections may be important in the society, indicating the need for treatment. Therefore, careful understanding of the problem is important with regard to prevention and control of leishmaniasis in a given setting. Different endemic settings have described the asymptomatic: clinical disease ratio in L. donovani/Leishmania infantum. Variable figures have been observed in the Indian sub-continent (Stauch et al., 2011; Ostyn et al., 2011).
Ethnopharmacology of the Genus Pilocarpus
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Ronaldo dos Santos Sousa, Mahendra Rai, Chistiane Mendes Feitosa, Leiz Maria Costa Veras, Pedro Vitor Oliveira S. Furtado
Morais et al. (2018) evaluated the antileishmania activity of the essential oil of P. microphyllus. Leishmaniasis is a group of infectious diseases caused by different species of the Leishmania genus. The authors evaluated the antileishmania activity against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum. In the results, it was reported that the essential oil of this species proved to be very promising against promastigote forms of L. infantum.
B
Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Bone Marrow Biopsy [Anglo-Saxon: ban, bone + mearg, pith] A microscopic examination of bone tissue in a blood disorder was done in 1846 by John Dalrymple (1804–1852) of Dublin on Wil Ham Macintyrek patient with multiple myeloma. Diagnostic bone marrow biopsy on a femur with the use of a trocar was performed by G. Pianese in 1903. He also described anemia in children owing to bone marrow infiltration by leishmania as Leishmania infantum in 1905. Study of the bone marrow by trephining the upper half of the tibia was carried out by Giovanni Ghedini of Genoa in 1908. See bone marrow aspiration.
The management of Babesia, amoeba and other zoonotic diseases provoked by protozoa
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Clemente Capasso, Claudiu T. Supuran
The kinetoplastid parasites of the Leishmania genus cause the disease known as leishmaniasis. Depending on the species causing the infection, Leishmania spp. can cause a wide range of diseases, such as visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis [5,119]. Visceral leishmaniasis occurs when the parasite infects the phagocytic cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow [5,119]. In contrast, cutaneous leishmaniasis appears when host epidermal tissue gets infected with promastigotes. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a third type of disease that can happen to a small number of people with cutaneous leishmaniasis. It involves the nasal mucosa, followed by generalized inflammation and ulceration [5,119]. These locations can suffer from severe ulceration and necrosis, resulting in deformity and, in rare cases, death. Leishmania infantum, L. donovani and L. tropica are the species responsible for visceral leishmaniasis [5]. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused in different parts of the world by the species L. major, L. aethiopica, L. mexicana, L. tropica, L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. peruviana, L. shawi, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, L. venezuelensis, and L. panamensis [5]. In contrast, the Leishmania RNA virus (LRV1) was associated with severe mucocutaneous lesions through the host Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-dependent inflammatory response [120].
Study of acute oral toxicity of the thiazole derivative N-(1-methyl-2-methyl-pyridine)-N-(p-bromophenylthiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine in a Syrian hamster
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2021
Vinícius Vasconcelos Gomes de Oliveira, Mary Angela Aranda de Souza, Rafaela Ramos Mororó Cavalcanti, Marcos Veríssimo de Oliveira Cardoso, Ana Cristina Lima Leite, Regina Célia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo, Sebastião Rogério de Freitas Silva, Leucio Câmara Alves, Valdemiro Amaro da Silva Junior
As an alternative treatment against leishmaniasis, the leishmanicidal activities of thiazoles have been study (Nava-Zuazo et al. 2014). It is already known that this compounds’ class has a wide spectrum of biological activity, such as anti-tumor activities (Popsavin et al. 2012), antibacterial (Lu et al. 2012), anti-inflammatory (Shafi et al. 2012), and antichagasic (Navarrete-Vazquez et al. 2011). Compounds of this class, such as thiazoacetylpyridines, more specifically N-(1-methyl-2-methyl-pyridine)-N´-(p-bromophenylthiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine (TAP-04), has promising leishmanicidal activity. In addition, selective activity for Leishmania infantum with low toxicity against the host cells was observed using TAP-04 (Oliveira et al. 2020). Thus, TAP-04 has promising activity in the treatment of VL, but there is a lack of toxicity studies related to this compound to find a safe dose for future studies in the treatment of VL.
More than just exosomes: distinct Leishmania infantum extracellular products potentiate the establishment of infection
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Begoña Pérez-Cabezas, Nuno Santarém, Pedro Cecílio, Cátia Silva, Ricardo Silvestre, José A. M. Catita, Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
A cloned line of virulent Leishmania infantum (MHOM/MA/67/ITMAP-263) freshly recovered from BALB/c mice was used for a total of 10 passages. Promastigotes were routinely maintained at 26°C in standard RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated Fetal Calf Serum (FCS; Biowest, Nuaillé, France), 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 20 mM HEPES buffer, all products from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). For extracellular products obtention, parasites were previously adapted and then sub-cultured (26°C) for 4 days (stationary phase [21]) in serum-free culture media – cRPMI [RPMI base complemented with 10% SDM-79 base and 2.5 μg/ml of hemin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA)] – that we previously developed and validated for exoproteome studies [9,21]. All maintenance cultures were grown with a starting inoculum of 106 parasites/ml.