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Diagnostic Reasoning and Clinical Problem Solving
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Exposure history is very important in dealing with diagnosis possibilities with AVE. A variety of insect vectors transport a variety of pathogens, e.g., mosquitos and WNE as well as ticks and Lyme neuroborreliosis. The CNS Lyme disease presents as a very mild AVM. In contrast, WNE may present as a fulminant AVE ± tremors or flaccid paralysis. The “great imitator” is HSV, which may present as a mild AVM or as severe acute AVE with obtundation/coma. Important in the history of cases of AVE where HSV is the DDx is a recent past medical history of H. labialis. Patients with HSV AVE with a PMH of H. labialis may report lip blisters in the preceding 1–3 weeks (gone later when the patient presents). If H. labialis is present when the patient with AVE presents, it is not due to HSV. The HSV from H. labialis needs time to regress and later invade the brain parenchyma as AVE.
Arthropod-borne virus encephalitis
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
The term arbovirus (Figure 16.1) has remained useful, emphasizing as it does, vector specificity, and hence a means of public health control. The concept of an arthropod spread illness was not recognized until Carlos Finlay, a Cuban doctor, proposed that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes, a hypothesis that was subsequently proven by Walter Reed in 1901 [3]. The chief vector was Aedes aegypti. In 1906, the spread of dengue was also attributed to the same mosquito vector. A distinction of viruses from bacteria was clearly delineated by Thomas Milton Rivers in 1927. Recognition of the insect vector resulted in measures for its eradication that were largely successful in preventing widespread outbreaks. Despite these measures, vector-borne vail illness continues to represent a significant risk to populations in certain regions of the world [4].
The Twentieth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
Further progress was made in establishing the role of insect vectors in transmitting disease; it has become known, for instance, that not infrequently more than one vector may be responsible for a given disease. The role of vectors has been especially prominent in the Rickettsial diseases.
Infravec2 guidelines for the design and operation of containment level 2 and 3 insectaries in Europe
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Emilie Pondeville, Anna-Bella Failloux, Frederic Simard, Petr Volf, Andrea Crisanti, Roya Elaine Haghighat-Khah, Núria Busquets, Francesc Xavier Abad, Anthony J Wilson, Romeo Bellini, Sarah Marsh Arnaud, Alain Kohl, Eva Veronesi
Containment of arthropods (for example, those which are non-native to an area, those which are genetically modified (GM) and those which are infected with notifiable pathogens) as well as safe manipulation of pathogens are essential prerequisites for safe work and handling in this area of research. Historically, reported laboratory escapes of insect vectors leading to sustainable settlement and/or disease spread are extremely rare [2], and so far, there are no reports of laboratory escapes of insect-borne pathogens resulting in transmission outside the laboratory to the best of our knowledge. With the current expansion of vector-based research, and an increasing number of facilities rearing and infecting insect vectors for the study of vector–pathogen interactions, common measures for safe work are timely.
The relevance of studying insect–nematode interactions for human disease
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Zorada Swart, Tuan A. Duong, Brenda D. Wingfield, Alisa Postma, Bernard Slippers
Filarial nematodes are transmitted to their vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes of different genera [4]. Consequently, transmission can be interrupted by targeting the insect vector. Vector control usually consists of spraying insecticides inside homes and distributing netting material impregnated with long-lasting insecticides [43,44]. Other vector control strategies target the source of mosquitoes, for instance, polystyrene beads that form floating layers on potential breeding sites such as pit latrines and water tanks suffocate mosquito larvae, leading to a drastic decline in the adult mosquito population [45–47]. Combined vector control and MDA suppress the transmission of filariasis more effectively and with less resurgence than MDA alone. A focus on integrated vector management in addition to MDA was therefore included in the strategic plan for 2010–2020 of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis [48].
Benznidazole for the treatment of Chagas disease
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Irene Losada Galván, Julio Alonso-Padilla, Nuria Cortés-Serra, Cristina Alonso-Vega, Joaquim Gascón, María Jesús Pinazo
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi [1]. Considered a neglected disease, it is estimated to affect 6–7 million people, most of them in endemic areas of Latin America. In the last decades, via migrations, it has risen as a public health concern in non-endemic areas from North America and Europe [2,3]. It is estimated that there are 300,000 persons with T. cruzi infection currently living in the United States of America (USA) [4], and an average of 97,556 in Europe [5]. The main route of transmission is through infected triatomine insect vectors. Oral transmission in the form of outbreaks has also been described in endemic areas. Furthermore, vertical (mother to child) and parenteral (via transfusions or organ transplantation) transmission are common to endemic and non-endemic areas.