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Viral infections
Published in Biju Vasudevan, Rajesh Verma, Dermatological Emergencies, 2019
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), is acquired by exposure to infected children, sexual transmission, and transfusion of CMV-infected blood products. CMV causes a mild form of infectious mononucleosis in most affected immunocompetent individuals. Fatal massive hepatic necrosis can occur in rare cases. Immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV, malignancy, or postorgan transplant patients, may have severe, complicated CMV infections.
Viruses
Published in Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly, The Primate Zoonoses, 2017
Loretta A. Cormier, Pauline E. Jolly
Human herpesvirus 4, or Epstein-Barr, is a Lymphocryptovirus and the agent of mononucleosis; it is a common virus worldwide with most individuals exposed by adulthood (Johannsen and Kaye 2015). It is transmitted through saliva and for this reason is sometimes referred to as the “kissing disease” (Grinde 2013). In children, it is often asymptomatic, but after adolescence, symptoms may include fever, sore throat, fatigue, and lymph-adenopathy (Grinde 2013). Epstein-Barr has also been associated with malignant disease, including Burkitt’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Johannsen and Kaye 2015). Human herpesvirus 5 is a Cytomegalovirus that is widespread and usually asymptomatic, but it can cause severe congenital abnormalities in infants infected in utero and may also cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients (Crumpacker 2015). Cytomegalovirus is also associated with a number of lymphomas (Grinde 2013). As with the other herpesviruses, after the initial infection, it can persist as a latent virus (Crumpacker 2015). Herpesviruses 6–8 are relatively rare. Types 6–7 are referred to as roseola viruses and can cause skin lesions and fever in infants less than two years of age (Grinde 2013). Human herpesvirus type-8 is associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma in immunocompromised individuals with HIV-AIDS (Grinde 2013). However, classic Kaposi’s sarcoma is not associated with immune dysfunction has been documented for over a century in people of Mediterranean, Eastern European, and Middle Eastern heritage, particularly in men (Iscovich et al. 2000).
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
Published in Sunit K. Singh, Daniel Růžek, Neuroviral Infections, 2013
Souichi Yamada, Rumi Taniguchi, Isao Kosugi, Naoki Inoue
CMV belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of Herpesviridae. HCMV, officially called human herpesvirus 5, is one of the eight human herpesviruses. Her-pesviruses have similar virion structures and biological behaviors, such as latency and reactivation.
An immunologist’s guide to immunosenescence and its treatment
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Calogero Caruso, Mattia Emanuela Ligotti, Giulia Accardi, Anna Aiello, Giuseppina Candore
Memory T and B cells function, instead, seems to be relatively maintained [but see below] even in the presence of persistent viral infection [62]. The accumulation of memory/effector cells observed with advancing age is determined by lifetime exposition to pathogens. It mainly concerns CD8+ T cells because, as discussed in paragraph 2.4, the main responsible is the persistent infection by human herpesvirus 5, HCMV [63]. Moreover, the memory CD8+ T cells in older people are considered nonfunctional, undergoing cell cycle arrest and expressing the senescence marker killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 [KLRG1] or other markers of senescence and exhaustion [64]. CD4+ T cells exhibit less age-associated changes than the cytotoxic compartment, but there is also evidence of epigenetic remodeling, particularly in genes that relate to impaired T cell receptor [TCR] signaling, affecting memory development during infection and vaccination with age [61].
Infectious Mononucleosis: diagnosis and clinical interpretation
Published in British Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
P Naughton, M Healy, F Enright, B Lucey
EBV is a double-stranded DNA oncogenic virus classified under the order Herpesvirales as belonging to the Herpes family of viruses, Herpesviridae. These can be further classified into three subfamilies: α, β and γ (Table 1) [37]. Alpha-herpesvirinae include Human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) commonly referred to as herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and Human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3) (more commonly known as the Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)) which cause herpes labialis/genitalis and chicken-pox, respectively. Beta-herpesvirinae include Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5) and Roseolovirus (HHV-6, HHV-7) which can cause infectious mononucleosis like infections (IML) and Roseola Infantum, respectively [6,11,37]. Gamma-herpesvirinae include EBV (Human herpesvirus 4, HHV-4) the causative agent of IM which is also implicated in several human cancers including Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s and T-cell lymphomas and various gastric and nasopharyngeal carcinomas [9,38–41]. EBV is also associated with several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis (MS) [34,42–46]. It is also implicated in associated cases of acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) [20,47]. The second virus in this subgroup is Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) or more formally known as Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) responsible for Kaposi’s sarcoma [48].
Brief molecular diagnostic criteria for human cytomegalovirus infection/disease
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2019
Giuseppe Gerna, Fausto Baldanti
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) or human Herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) is a widespread virus causing infection in the immunocompetent host worldwide with earlier occurrence in infants and young children in developing countries, and a much higher incidence in older age groups in developed countries [1]. Unlike other viruses (such as rubella virus), HCMV primary infection does not elicit an immune response able to eliminate the virus [2] and is followed by viral DNA persistence in specific cells in the body, such as endothelial cells, CD34+ bone marrow stem cells and peripheral blood monocytes (latency) [3]. HCMV latent phases are interspersed by periodic reactivation episodes, even in immunocompetent people, upon stimuli that are still largely unknown [4]. In addition, reinfection episodes by different HCMV strains may occur [4]. In the healthy individuals, primary infections are often asymptomatic while in some cases they can present as a mononucleosis-like syndrome (fever for 2–3 weeks, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, a rise in liver aminotransferase enzymes) [5].