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Modes of Transmission of Coronavirus
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
Mohd. Faiz Saifi, Colin E. Evans, Neha Gupta
By definition, Horizontal transmission refers to the mode of transmission through which an infectious pathogen spreads diseases within the same generation or population, such as transmission from one person to another by direct contact such as body fluid exchange or bodily excretions such as sputum or blood [26]. Whereas ‘vertical transmission’ is the transmission of an infectious pathogen from one generation to the next, not through evolution, but through milk or the placenta from mother to infant [27].
Patterns of Inheritance: Mendelian and Non-Mendelian
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Merlin G. Butler, Michael Begleiter, Shannon Lillis, Molly Lund, F. John Meaney
One of the classical modes of inheritance for human genetic diseases is autosomal recessive which accounts for over 4000 recognized single gene genetic diseases. Recessive genes generally code for regulatory proteins such as enzymes and frequently produce metabolic or biochemical problems in affected individuals. The term autosomal recessive refers to a pattern of inheritance which requires two copies of the mutant allele in order for an individual to exhibit phenotypic effects. Autosomal recessive inheritance is characterized by the presence of the gene on an autosome (chromosomes 1 through 22) and not on the X or Y or sex chromosome. A horizontal transmission, i.e., affected individuals in only one generation, is frequently observed. There is an equal occurrence in males and females. The parents are unaffected unless the trait is very common. The recurrence risk is 1 in 4 or 25%. In addition, there is increased incidence of consanguinity found for rare recessive traits (i.e., the rarer the recessive condition the more likely the parents are related). A Punnett square demonstrating autosomal recessive inheritance from two unaffected parents in which each carries a recessive allele (a) is shown in Fig. 6.
Bacteria Causing Gastrointestinal Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
B. Vinoth, M. Krishna Raja, B. Agieshkumar
The organism is found freely in soil, in variety of animals, and in raw and processed food products. They are highly prevalent in healthcare facilities, resulting in horizontal transmission through both environmental surface contamination and direct contact by hospital workers. The mode of infection is primarily through person-to-person and through the fecal-oral route. There have been studies showing the increase in transmission of C. difficile during hospitalizations, especially in elderly patients in acute care facilities (McFarland et al. 1989; Samore et al. 1994; Chang and Nelson 2000; Vaishnavi 2010).
Prevalence of hepatitis B and C at a major tuberculosis centre in Denmark
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Anja Jørgensen, Karen Bjørn-Mortensen, Sidse Graff Jensen, Ellen Sloth Andersen, Pernille Ravn
The majority of HBV-seropositive patients (76.6%) originated from countries outside Denmark, where both TB and HBV have a higher prevalence than in Denmark. The estimated prevalence of serocleared HBV among patients from Greenland was 33.3%, which is equivalent to a previously reported prevalence of serocleared HBV of 34.6% in persons living in Greenland [15]. Apart from Greenland, a high prevalence of HBV-seropositivity of 29.6% was seen among migrants with TB from Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Thus, country of origin seems to be a risk factor and we found no other isolated significant risk factors for HBV in the TB population. Although our data does not report, when in life the patients were infected with HBV, the high rate of cleared infection could indicate horizontal transmission rather than vertical mother to child transmission [13].
Update on the epidemiology of carbapenemases in Latin America and the Caribbean
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Juan Carlos García-Betancur, Tobias Manuel Appel, German Esparza, Ana C Gales, Gabriel Levy-Hara, Wanda Cornistein, Silvio Vega, Duilio Nuñez, Luis Cuellar, Luis Bavestrello, Paulo F. Castañeda-Méndez, Juan M. Villalobos-Vindas, María Virginia Villegas
In addition, the continuous implementation of standard and contact precautions accompanied by an infection control program based on the local epidemiology for each country and eventually each institution plays a fundamental role in the control of dissemination of MDR microorganisms. The use of both precautions can guarantee the containment in the horizontal transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In addition to the contact precautions for patients with an identified MDR isolate, standard precautions, which are infection prevention practices that apply to the care of all patients, independent of their infection or colonization status, have an essential role in the prevention of transmission given the fact that colonization with MDR bacteria is frequently undetected due, in some case, to lack of sensitivity of the traditional laboratory tests. Implementation and adherence to standard and contact precautions measurements such as hand hygiene, use of gloves, safe infection practices, frequent cleaning of surfaces and equipment, correct isolation practices (particularly during outbreaks) and MDR testing for all new admissions to a specific unit, among others, have demonstrated to have a great impact in the containment of dissemination of these resistant microorganisms.
Patent landscape of novel technologies for combating category-A Arenavirus infections
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Harshal Sudhakar, Jignesh Bhate, Asish Kumar Patra
Most of Arenavirus cases are zoonotic infections wherein, the carrier rodents shed the viral particles in saliva, urine, and feces. Infection in humans is through accidental contact or through inhalation of aerosol particles dispersed by the rodent carrier [13]. Due to ease of transmission, both vertical and horizontal transfer of virus has been reported, while human to human transmissions are rare [1]. Arenaviruses infection is associated with nonspecific clinical manifestation and hence difficult to diagnose, often leading to wrong diagnosis [7]. Virus isolation and in-vitro culture in Vero E6 cell line has been the gold standard test for VHF diagnosis. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based diagnostics are available and are finding increased usage [14]. Delay in diagnosis leads to increased risk of horizontal transmission among humans. Usage of personnel protection equipment and standard containment procedures can reduce the chances of secondary infections and nosocomial infections to near zero [1].