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Herpesvirus microRNAs for Use in Gene Therapy Immune-Evasion Strategies
Published in Yashwant Pathak, Gene Delivery, 2022
Vineet Mahajan, Shruti Saptarshi, Yashwant Pathak
Herpesviridae is a large family of encapsulated DNA viruses. A typical herpes virion structure is made up of an inner core of double stranded DNA 124-235 kilobase (kbp) pair in size, a protein capsid, tegument, and an envelope derived from the nuclear membrane of the infected cell and long glycoprotein spikes. A large number of clinical manifestations, including malignancies, have been recorded for herpes virus related infections in humans. Interestingly, herpes viruses not only cause acute infections that may even be transmitted via organ transplantation, but also latent infections. The tendency to persist in the host following an initial infection, without producing overt disease is latency. Thus, herpesviruses are able to establish lifelong infections in the host and transition between the lytic (productive) and latent (non-productive) replication cycles. The microenvironment, host immunity, cell autonomous factors, as well as viral elements, may all contribute to this latency establishment, maintenance, and reactivation of herpes virus infection.1
A Treatise on the Role of Herpesvirus in Neurodegeneration
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi, Kenneth Blum
It is important to state that while active herpetic viral infections can be symptomatically treated, the herpesvirus is a latent lifelong resident of the body for which there is no known cure, only possible inactivation, regression, and containment requiring a multifaceted intervention. Importantly, using cellular material, the herpesvirus envelops itself with a phospholipid coating, effectively impairing macrophage attachment and destruction. The viral phospholipid membrane contains a three-fold higher concentration of the phospholipid-rich sphingomyelin and phosphatidylserine [46]. An understanding of this composition is valuable to direct us toward the most likely and effective therapeutic interventions. Owing to the lipid coating, the HSV viral species appear to have the greatest affinity for lipid-rich tissues, that is, the mucous membranes, lymph tissues, the lipid coating of nerves, the GI tract, including the throat which is a favorite “nesting” site for HSV species [47], the liver, skin, synovial fluid, and the brain to name a few.
Sexually Transmitted Infection and Male Infertility
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Kareim Khalafalla, Haitham Elbardisi, Mohamed Arafa
There are two types of genital herpes virus; HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 causes oral and occasionally genital lesions, and HSV-2 is considered the most likely cause of genital herpes. Infection can occur through direct or indirect contact with genital lesions. It has been reported that HSV-1 and HSV-2 can be vertically transmitted during pregnancy or delivery of a child [65]. HSV can be isolated in semen, testicular, and prostatic tissue [66].
Varicella Zoster Reactivation Causing Acute Retinal Necrosis following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination in a Young Immunocompetent Man
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Tiffany Lo, Shivesh Varma, Andrew Shaw, Kira Michalova
With recognition of possible increased risk of VZV reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination, it is important to consider how to best manage this risk in vulnerable patients. Indeed, there is suggestion that prophylactic antiviral therapy should be considered at the time of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with a past history of herpesvirus reactivation.6 However, a specific drug and dosing regimen for this use remain unclear. What is more problematic is how to approach the second vaccine dose for a patient who experiences an ocular herpesvirus reactivation after their first dose, a decision that requires balancing the benefits of reduced COVID-19 morbidity and mortality against the potential risks of viral reactivation. At a minimum, we recommend treatment dose antiviral therapy with close ophthalmic monitoring. However, in the event that a patient loses vision in one eye from a VZV reactivation, should clinicians and patients have a discussion about avoiding further doses of COVID-19 vaccination?
Mechanical filtration of the cerebrospinal fluid: procedures, systems, and applications
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Viral encephalitis (VE) and viral myelitis (VM) are inflammations of the brain and spinal cord respectively, caused by viruses. The virus most commonly involved in CNS infections is herpes simplex virus, but other viruses of the herpesviridae family (e.g. varicella-zoster or Epstein–Barr), along with enterovirus, mumps, measles, and viruses associated with respiratory tract infections (adenovirus and influenza B), varicella-zoster virus, rubella, measles, VIH, JC, and SARS-CoV-2 may also cause VE or VM. VM and VE may present with a variety of syndromes depending on the precise location of the inflammatory focus including rapidly progressive encephalopathy. Some cases develop an increase in ICP, seizures, and depression of the level of consciousness, which requires tracheal intubation for airway protection and ventilatory support, control of raised ICP, and the effective treatment of seizures [16]. Treatment options include medication to relieve the symptoms and antiviral medications for some particular types of viruses (few antivirals are indicated and just some types of viruses, i.e. herpesvirus). More antivirals and adjunctive therapies are needed for better outcomes of VE and VM. To our knowledge, the only case with VE/VM treated with CSF filtration to date is a patient with psychotic symptoms related to Borna disease VE with rapid clinical improvement after CSF filtration [17].
Pharmacological prophylaxis of infection in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2020
Nira Arad-Cohen, Jacob M Rowe, Yael Shachor-Meyouhas
The herpes viruses tend to reactivate, mainly in adults. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) have clinical implications in leukemia patients, and therefore there are recommendations for acyclovir prophylaxis for adults seropositive for HSV during the induction [98] or even later during neutropenia and severe mucositis [19]. In the first prospective study evaluating infectious complications in a large cohort of pediatric AML patients a total of 7% of viral infections were identified, with HSV being most common (about 5%) [9]. Antiviral prophylaxis may be considered, especially among patients with recurrent reactivations, but the evidence in children is not as strong as in adults. VZV can cause a severe infection in those who are susceptible to primary infection and therefore the use of VZIG (varicella zoster immune globulin) or acyclovir is indicated as post-exposure prophylaxis for VZV [97]. Otherwise, treatment is indicated if there is clinical or laboratory evidence of active viral disease [98]. With regard to other herpesviruses, reactivation of EBV, CMV, and HHV-6 may be common but is not a prominent issue as in HSCT patients, and there are no recommendations for prophylaxis or screening.