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Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Acyclovir-resistant clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were analyzed in vitro for their susceptibility to essential oils of ginger (Zingiber officinale R.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) and sandalwood (Santalum album L.). All essential oils exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against acyclovir-sensitive KOS strain and acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 clinical isolates and significantly reduced plaque formation (Schnitzler et al. 2007). Li et al. (2018) reviewed natural products with potential anti-HSV-1 activity, providing not only a reference for the safe dose of these agents, but also presenting the main pharmacodynamic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine. The potential of these active components in the development of anti-HSV-1 drugs has been described.
A Treatise on the Role of Herpesvirus in Neurodegeneration
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi, Kenneth Blum
Globally, herpes infections are the most common and widespread viral infection. For example, the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a herpesvirus, afflicts 95% of people worldwide [3,4]. According to the new estimate of the World Health Organization (WHO), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is also an important cause of genital herpes [5]. About 140 million people between the ages of 15 and 49 are infected with genital HSV-1 infection mainly in United States, Europe, and Western Pacific. However, with improved hygiene and healthy living standards in high-income countries, children are less infected and remain at low risk before they become sexually active. The WHO further estimated in this report that about 417 million people (15–49 years) suffer from genital HSV-2 infection, and over 500 million people (15–49 years) suffer from genital infection induced by either HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection [5,6]. In this report, Dr. Marleen Timmerman, Director of WHO’s Department of Reproductive Health and Research, emphasized that detailed information and education on both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are crucial to help and protect the younger generation prior to their exposure to sexual activity [5,6]. As no permanent cure or therapy is available for HSV-1 and HSV-2, the WHO is exploring ways to develop HSV vaccines and topical microbicides jointly with potential collaborators, and several candidate therapeutics are being investigated. However, in regard to neurodegeneration, genital herpetic infections are seemingly unrelated. Could there be a common or contributory herpetic predisposition to neurodegenerative pathologies?
Role of Wild Plants in Curing and Healing the Skin Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Mudassar Mehmood, Rao Zahid Abbas
The aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family were examined for their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV). It showed inhibitory activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). The acyclovir-resistant strain of HSV-1 was tested in vitro on RC-37 cells in a plaque reduction assay (Nolkemper et al. 2006).
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
A family of viruses that manifest in the oral cavity are Herpes viruses, of which several types are found in humans. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) cause common opportunistic viral infections. Other types of herpesviruses are Varicella zoster, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. HSV-1 reactivates and replicates in the oral epithelium, leading to localized painful vesicles, colloquially often referred to as “cold sores”. These viruses cause lifelong infections and establish latency with periodic reactivations. HSV-1 viruses often spread by close contact and through sharing saliva and are highly infectious, while most people infected are asymptomatic. To infiltrate the cell, HSV-1 viral particles utilize nectin-1 as their cell surface receptor (Figure 2). In this case, disruption of AJs can expose nectin-1, allowing HSV to bind to it and further infiltrate the tissue.93 Therefore, the integrity of the AJs in the oral epithelium can determine the course of HSV infection, opening up an important area of future study.94
Loco-regional drug delivery in oncology: current clinical applications and future translational opportunities
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Seona M. Rossi, Timothy Murray, Liam McDonough, Helena Kelly
Oncolytic viruses are native or modified viral vectors targeted to infect tumor cells, where they replicate and ultimately cause cell lysis (oncolysis) which releases tumor-derived antigens stimulating the immune system leading to a tumor-specific local and systemic immune response [118]. Based on this mechanism of action, IT delivery is an ideal platform for oncolytic viruses as it overcomes the problem of virus dilution and neutralization in the blood which occurs following IV administration of virus-based products. Adenovirus-based constructs are the most widely evaluated and indeed the first-ever oncolytic virus approved for use in humans was Oncorine®. Oncorine® is a recombinant adenovirus engineered to selectively replicate in and destroy tumor cells which was approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Agency in 2005 for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head, neck, and esophagus [134]. There is also currently one oncolytic virus approved for use by the EMA and FDA; talimogene laherparepvec (Ad-RTS-hIL-12 AMGEN) a genetically modified herpes simplex virus type 1 that expresses the immunostimulatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [135]. A Phase II clinical trial reported in 2018 evaluating efficacy and safety of talimogene laherparepvec delivered IL in combination with ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone in patients with advanced, unresectable melanoma met its primary end point, with the objective response rate significantly higher with talimogene laherparepvec plus ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone [136].
Herpes simplex keratoconjunctivitis in the immediate postoperative period after strabismus surgery
Published in Strabismus, 2021
Tasmin Berman, Anna O’Connor, Damien C. M. Yeo, Harish Nayak
The patient presented 8 days later with right upper lid swelling, erythema and mild ptosis. She had a mild fever. The condition deteriorated over two days, involving the left upper lid with associated severe crusting in both eyes. The patient was admitted for intravenous antibiotics (IV cefotaxime QDS and vancomycin TDS) and topical ciprofloxacin 0.3% QDS. Due to the lack of response and an inability to examine the child adequately, an EUA was performed on day 2 of admission. This revealed bilateral pseudo membranes with erosions on the tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva (Figure 1) and corneal epithelial defects suggestive of an HSK infection (Figure 2). The patient was started on oral acyclovir 200 mg five times a day and topical ganciclovir 0.15% five times a day. The PCR swabs were positive for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. This patient had no previous history of HSK. The patient made good recovery, and on day 8 at discharge, all the corneal lesions had resolved. Oral acyclovir was stopped after 7 days, and topical ganciclovir stopped after a total of 14 days. Three weeks following treatment, the only residual finding was a minimal right ptosis. Visual acuities returned to pre-surgery levels (unaided R 0.14 and L 0.16 logMAR, Kay pictures) with a 35-prism diopter reduction in the deviation at far distance.