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Skin, soft tissue and bone infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Varicella zoster virus is spread by respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicles; incubation is 10–21 days. Herpes simplex virus is spread by direct contact including sexual transmission; it enters through skin breaks or the mucosal surface; incubation is 2–12 days. Both can spread from mother to baby in the perinatal period. Those at risk of complications of HSV and VZV include immunocompromised patients, pregnant women, children and elderly people.
Acute erythematous rash on the face
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Atopic eczema may become secondarily infected by herpes simplex. The characteristic feature is small umbilicated vesicles, which are painful rather than itchy, often with sudden onset and deterioration of previous eczema. The patient will be ill and more miserable than might be expected from normal eczema. Swabs from the vesicles will confirm the presence of the herpes simplex virus. Pemphigus, pemphigoid and Darier's disease may all become similarly infected with herpes simplex virus. Treat the same as herpes zoster (see p. 132).
Infection and immunology
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
Herpes simplex virus infection can be transmitted sexually; the type of virus identified most often in these cases is type 2. Approximately 85% of infections by herpes simplex virus are asymptomatic. The symptoms are more severe with primary infection. The virus remains latent in neural tissue and can be reactivated by stress or exposure to the sun, tending to recur at the same site. It is a DNA virus and cannot be distinguished from other herpes viruses by electron microscopy.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
A family of viruses that manifest in the oral cavity are Herpes viruses, of which several types are found in humans. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) cause common opportunistic viral infections. Other types of herpesviruses are Varicella zoster, Cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr Virus. HSV-1 reactivates and replicates in the oral epithelium, leading to localized painful vesicles, colloquially often referred to as “cold sores”. These viruses cause lifelong infections and establish latency with periodic reactivations. HSV-1 viruses often spread by close contact and through sharing saliva and are highly infectious, while most people infected are asymptomatic. To infiltrate the cell, HSV-1 viral particles utilize nectin-1 as their cell surface receptor (Figure 2). In this case, disruption of AJs can expose nectin-1, allowing HSV to bind to it and further infiltrate the tissue.93 Therefore, the integrity of the AJs in the oral epithelium can determine the course of HSV infection, opening up an important area of future study.94
Lichenoid lesions of the upper labial mucosa: a systematic review and a report of a new case with extensive follow-up
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
In laboratory tests performed to exclude other causes for the lesions and symptoms, complete blood count, red blood cell folate, serum B12, fasting plasma glucose, and serum zinc levels were normal. A swab test for herpes simplex virus was negative. Epicutaneous test for dental materials and prick tests for various vegetables and spices was negative. Likewise, tests for serum antinuclear antibodies and serum-extractable nuclear antigen antibodies were negative. Over the course of follow-up, the patient presented slowly progressing myopathy for which no specific aetiology was found. A new biopsy of the upper labial mucosa was taken four years after the first. This specimen too was histopathologically diagnosed as representing oral lichen planus (Figure 2(C,D)). The patient continued to experience smarting, a burning sensation and pain of variable intensity in the upper lip.
Integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation to decipher the mechanism of the Chinese herbal prescription JieZe-1 in protecting against HSV-2 infection
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Tong Liu, Qingqing Shao, Wenjia Wang, Yonggui Ma, Tianli Liu, Ximing Jin, Jianguo Fang, Guangying Huang, Zhuo Chen
HSV-2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2) is a sexually transmitted virus that causes genital herpes. At present, infection with HSV-2 is lifelong and incurable. An estimated 491 million (13%) people aged 15–49 years worldwide were living with the infection in 2016 (World Health Organization 2020). Women are more susceptible to HSV-2 infection than men, with the infection rate highest among women of childbearing age (James and Kimberlin 2015). Upon infection early in the pregnancy, the virus can be transmitted through the placenta, causing foetal abortion, neonatal malformation, and permanent neurological damage, which seriously affect the quality of the birth population (Johnston and Wald 2016). Genital herpes (GH) caused by HSV-2 is a global issue. Currently, nucleoside antiviral drugs are mainly used to treat HSV-2 infection. New therapeutic drugs and effective vaccines have not been found.