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Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease that can lead to permanent liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. The currently available treatment with interferon plus ribavirin has limited benefits due to adverse side effects such as anemia, depression, fatigue and flu-like symptoms. Although there is an effective vaccine against the hepatitis B virus (HBV), chronic infection poses an enormous health burden to the world (Hoofnagle 1990).
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
Safe disposal of sharps is essential to prevent risk of blood-borne viruses such as: Hepatitis B virus.Hepatitis C virus.Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Diagnostic Approach to Fulminant Hepatitis in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus transmitted predominantly through blood-to-blood exposure such as intravenous drug use, intranasal cocaine use, transfusion of contaminated blood products, and healthcare-associated accidental needle stick exposure. The HCV has been rarely reported to cause ALF. Acute HCV infection develops 2–26 weeks after exposure, with symptoms similar to that of other acute viral hepatitides, if symptomatic. Acute hepatitis C is diagnosed via detection of HCV RNA in the serum, as HCV antibody may take 3 months to become positive following exposure [7]. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the current opioid epidemic has led to triple the number of cases of hepatitis C among people aged 20–29 years and more than double the cases in people aged 30–39 years from 2009 to 2015. There is no specific therapy for HCV, and treatment includes fluids and supportive care.
The discovery and development of novel treatment strategies for filoviruses
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Many successful antivirals utilize cocktails of small molecules that target multiple viral pathways to achieve protection, or at least control, of pathogenic viruses. Notable examples of this approach include highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which includes six classes of therapeutic drugs; a typical regimen includes drugs from two or more of these classes. Successful treatment of hepatitis C virus also consists of two or more drug combinations. Combination therapies should be actively researched for filoviruses. For example, although remdesivir was not found to be clearly effective in limited clinical trials against EBOV, it is protective in nonhuman primate models against multiple filoviruses. Given its inhibition of viral replication, it and other promising small molecules should be combined with other therapies that target viral entry, assembly, or egress. Recent animal studies have combined small molecules with monoclonal antibodies and found that this combination approach increases the window of effective therapy against filoviruses. Other approaches have included antibody treatment with therapeutic vaccination or small molecules with biologics. These approaches are likely to be more effective than standalone therapeutics.
Absence of interferon-λ 4 enhances spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C virus genotypes 1-3 infection
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Jesper Waldenström, Martin Kåberg, Marianne Alanko Blomé, Anders Widell, Per Björkman, Staffan Nilsson, Anders Hammarberg, Ola Weiland, Kristina Nyström, Martin Lagging
The onset of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often challenging to determine due to the frequent absence of symptoms [10]. However, frequent serological and molecular surveillance of high-risk populations can uniquely identify acute HCV infections. Two recent Swedish studies investigated HCV incidence and spontaneous clearance rates of incident HCV in people who inject drugs (PWID). In the study from Southern Sweden (Malmö), antibodies against HCV were detected at study entry in 60%, and the incidence of new HCV infections was 31/100 person years, with spontaneous clearance seen in 32% [11]. In the study from the Stockholm, baseline anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 77% and ongoing infection in 57%. The incidence of HCV infection in HCV seronegative patients was 26/100 person years, and 19/100 person years in participants with evidence of previous exposure (detectable anti-HCV antibodies but undetectable HCV-RNA). Spontaneous clearance was seen in 20% of seronegative patients and in 44% of those with documented previous exposure [12].
A real-world observational study of drug utilization and clinical outcomes of direct-acting antivirals and interferon therapy for hepatitis C treatment in Taiwan
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Jia-Hung Chen, Pei-Ning Wu, Sin-Chi Huang, Pao-Ju Hsu, Jason C. Hsu
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Globally, around 71 million people have chronic hepatitis C infection1. Approximately 3–4 million people worldwide are newly infected each year2 and 399,000 people die each year from hepatitis C related liver diseases1. The incidence rate of acute hepatitis C in Taiwan is 2.17 per 100,000 people3, and the prevalence of HCV infection is 3.28% in Taiwan4,5, which is higher than the global average, because its main route of transmission is iatrogenic infections such as blood transfusion and the use of incompletely sterilized medical equipment6. Advanced liver disease is often associated with more expensive medical resources, and its cost is significantly increased with an extension of life expectancy. People who are infected with hepatitis C have significantly higher lifetime healthcare costs than those who are not7.