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Teicoplanin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Anouk E. Muller, Inge C. Gyssens
E. faecium and occasionally E. faecalis, which has acquired plasmid-mediated inducible and transferable Van A-type vancomycin resistance (see Chapter 43, Vancomycin), are also teicoplanin resistant. E. faecium strains resistant to both drugs have been detected in hospitals in which teicoplanin has never been used (Noskin et al., 1995). Enterococci with Van B vancomycin resistance are usually teicoplanin susceptible (Dutka-Malen et al., 1990; Fantin et al., 1991; Arthur and Courvalin, 1993; Shlaes et al., 1993a). Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus, which normally show low-level Van C vancomycin resistance, are usually susceptible to teicoplanin (Leclercq et al., 1992; Dutka-Malen et al., 1994). In East Asia, E. faecium strains with the Van A genotype were found that were susceptible to teicoplanin and were named Van B phenotype VanA geno-type vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. The exact mechanism is unclear; mutations in several genes have been described, but there might also be heteroresistance (Qu et al., 2009).
Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens by rDNA Gene Barcoding in Vitreous Fluids of Endophthalmitis Patients
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2020
Appavu Selva Pandiyan, Rajapandian Siva Ganesa Karthikeyan, Gunasekaran Rameshkumar, Sagnik Sen, Prajna Lalitha
On direct culturing of vitreous samples, bacterial growth was observed in 14/88 samples (15.9%) and fungal growth in 3/88 samples (3.4%) (Table 2). Of the bacterial culture-positive isolates, 10 were gram-positive (58.8%) and four gram-negative (23.5%). Among the gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus spp., were found to be the most predominant (6/88, 6.8%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (2/88, 2.3%), Enterococcus gallinarum (1/88) and Diphtheroids (1/88). In the gram-negative group, Pseudomonas stutzeri was identified in 2 patients (2/88, 2.3%) followed by Rhizobium sp (1/88) and Neisseria cinerea (1/88). Three fungal isolates were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Exerohilum rostratum.
Mechanisms and consequences of gut commensal translocation in chronic diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Rebecca L. Fine, Silvio Manfredo Vieira, Michael S. Gilmore, Martin A. Kriegel
Only a thin layer of highly specialized epithelium separates our internal organs from trillions of intestinal microbes.1 This gut barrier functions as both a selective gatekeeper that keeps pathogens from invading as well as a site for immune cell education, nutrient absorption, and waste secretion. Although a thick mucus layer, antimicrobial peptides, and IgA serve to maintain the barrier function, perturbations in host defenses and alterations in microbial community composition can lead to pathologic breaches and subsequent disease states.2-4 Our recent demonstration that a gut microbe, Enterococcus gallinarum, crosses the gut barrier in autoimmune-prone hosts to colonize internal organs and incite autoimmunity provides a model for gut commensal translocation leading to pathologic states.5 In this addendum to our published study, we discuss these findings in the context of other investigations of translocation of whole bacteria across the gut barrier.
Elucidating the gut microbiota composition and the bioactivity of immunostimulatory commensals for the optimization of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Romain Daillère, Bertrand Routy, Anne-Gaëlle Goubet, Alexandria Cogdill, Gladys Ferrere, Carolina Alves-Costa Silva, Aurélie Fluckiger, Pierre Ly, Yacine Haddad, Eugenie Pizzato, Cassandra Thelemaque, Marine Fidelle, Marine Mazzenga, Maria Paula Roberti, Cléa Melenotte, Peng Liu, Safae Terrisse, Oliver Kepp, Guido Kroemer, Laurence Zitvogel, Lisa Derosa
In addition to E. hirae, other Enterococci spp. have been isolated and characterize for their immunomodulatory potential against cancer cells. A strain of Enterococcus gallinarum, isolated from a healthy human gut, has demonstrated its antiproliferative effects against EMT6 breast, RENCA renal, and LLC1 lung carcinoma.77 This microbial product caused changes in the tumor immune microenvironment and increased the CD8+/FoxP3 ratio. In addition, a TLR5 dependent immuno-stimulatory phenotype of this strain was monitored using reporter cell lines. The authors identified flagellin as the active component of Enterococcus gallinarum.78 Therefore, the antitumoral potential of this strain is currently under investigation in cancer patients amenable to ICI-based therapy in advanced diseases, as well as in neoadjuvant settings to determine its property to modulate the tumor microenvironment before tumor resection (NCT03934827/NCT04193904).