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The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
The host environment is not particularly conducive to a stationary existence. Parasites inhabiting the digestive tract must contend with powerful peristalsis. Those found in the circulatory system must cope with the surge of rushing blood. Ectoparasites are confronted with environmental factors such as wind or rain or host behaviors such as grooming that make remaining in place more problematic.
Diagnosing Parasitic Infections
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Parasites can be classified as protozoa, helminths (worms) and ectoparasites. Protozoa are unicellular organisms and can be broadly divided into intestinal and luminal protozoa such as Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and blood- and tissue-dwelling protozoa such as malaria, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) and Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness). Helminths are multicellular organisms and are associated with intestinal infections or tissue infections. They can be divided into nematodes (Ascaris spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and hook worm), trematodes or flukes (Schistosoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Paragonimus westermani) and cestodes (Taenia spp. and Hymenolepis nana). Ectoparasites are also multicellular organisms that infest the skin and feed on it. Examples of ectoparasites are scabies, myiasis, tungiasis, fleas and lice.
Essential Oils Used in Veterinary Medicine
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
K. Can Başer Hüsnü, Chlodwig Franz
There is a patent (U.S. Patent 6,800,294) on an antiparasitic formulation comprising eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), cajeput oil (Melaleuca cajuputi), lemongrass oil, clove bud oil (S. aromaticum), peppermint oil (M. piperita), piperonyl, and piperonyl butoxide. The formulation can be used for treating an animal body, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating ectoparasitic infestation of an animal, or for repelling parasites.
The protective effect of chrysin against oxidative stress and organ toxicity in rats exposed to propetamphos
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Muhammet Yasin Tekeli, Latife Çakır Bayram, Gökhan Eraslan, Zeynep Soyer Sarıca
Propetamphos is a class II moderately toxic compound (EPA 2000, Gupta and Milatovic 2012). Propetamphos is a vinyl organophosphate insecticide, which is effective against a wide range of home pests, including cockroaches, flies, spiders and mosquitoes. It is also used against ectoparasites such as scabies mites, worm flies, ticks and lice (Dix et al. 1992, Garfitt et al. 2002). Similar to other organophosphate insecticides, propetamphos irreversibly inhibits the activity of acetyl cholinesterase, and thus, causes the accumulation of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junctions, postganglionic nerve endings in smooth muscles, and all autonomic ganglia and cholinergic synapses of the central nervous system (Gupta and Milatovic 2012, Milatovic 2017). Thereby, neurological and neuromuscular effects are observed. Clinical findings of intoxication, which are classified as muscarinic, nicotinic and central effects, are observed (Tang et al. 2006, Milatovic 2017).
Evaluation of organochlorine pesticides in foodstuff of animal origin from middle governorates of Jordan in 2018 and 2019 using GC-ECD
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi, Rana Keewan, Nizar A. Haddad
Organochlorine pesticides are used globally and in Jordan to control agricultural and public health insects (Herrera et al.1994, Santillo et al.2004, AlAntary et al.2015, Pine and Nuro 2016). In public health, they were applied in control programs to prevent malaria disease and in livestock to control ectoparasites. These chemicals are characterized by their persistence, stability, and high accumulation ability in the fatty tissues. Pesticides application might cause drift to the nearby areas for animal grazing or cultivated and non-cultivated growing plants. These persistent pollutants might reach the lipid tissues in the animals through the food chain, and then circulate in the body and accumulate in the adipose fat tissues (Muccio 1996, Rekha and Naik 2006, Dark and Acquah 2007, Alawi et al.2015, Singh et al.2015, AlAntary et al.2018). The misuse of pesticides on agricultural pests and vectors of animal and human diseases causes pesticide residues particularly organochlorines which are able to accumulate in the fat tissues when transporting through various food chains (AlAntary et al.2018).
Infectious diseases among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: a descriptive literature review
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Yulia Treister-Goltzman, Ali Alhoashle, Roni Peleg
Several cases of skin Leishmaniasis [4] and one case of severe, treatment-resistant visceral Leishmaniasis in an EI HIV patient was reported [70]. The positivity rate for Toxoplasma antibodies’ among EI from Operation Solomon (1991) was 34%. This rate was significant compared to native Israeli Jews (about 23%) and significantly lower than Arabs from the same geographical region (about 56%). The seroconversion rate was high in the age period of fertility (20–39 years) at 1% per year, which indicates a need for toxoplasma screening in pregnant women in this ethnic population [71]. Similarly, there was a very high rate of ectoparasites among EI at about 65% who suffered from head lice, with the highest rate among 6–11-year-old children, about 39% had body lice, about 10% had scabies mite, and about 4% had human flea [72].