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Sulfiram
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
A 41-year-old woman developed an acute exudative dermatitis on her right forearm, left upper arm and left side of neck. The cause of the eruption was not discovered, but it settled quickly with topical corticosteroids. Six months later, she had a further episode with a very similar distribution. Patch testing was positive to the thiuram-mix (tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetra methylthiuram monosulfide, dipentamethylenethiuram disulfide). Further enquiry revealed that she had treated her 2 dogs with a proprietary ear mite treatment before both episodes of dermatitis. When applying the drops, she had held the dogs’ head between her arms and neck, causing some smearing of the medication onto her skin. This product contained 5% sulfiram (monosulfiram, tetraethylthiuram monosulfide). An open test of the ear drops on her forearm produced a marked spreading dermatitis. It was concluded that the patient had suffered an allergic contact dermatitis from exposure to sulfiram in the ear mite preparation (3). Sulfiram itself was not tested, but the conclusion is almost certainly valid.
Special Senses
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kenneth A. Schafer, Oliver C. Turner, Richard A. Altschuler
The ear can be divided into three parts: the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear consists of the pinna (auricle) and the external ear canal (external auditory meatus), which ends medially at the external surface of the tympanic membrane (ear drum). The structures of the external ear are supported by auricular cartilage, and the secretions from the sebaceous and ceruminous glands contribute to the formation of cerumen. In rodents, Zymbal’s gland is a sebaceous gland located anterior and ventral to the external ear canal. Pathologic changes of the external ear can involve the skin or specific structures of the external ear (Kelemen 1978). Inflammation of the external auditory canal is usually not an issue in toxicologic studies unless clinical signs, such as shaking of the head or ear scratching, are observed. When inflammation does occur, it is characterized by thickening of the wall of the external auditory canal from edema, and the presence of a tan or brown crusty exudate within the canal (Gad 2007). One cause can be ear mites (e.g., Psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits or Otodectes cynotis in dogs). Auricular chondritis is a spontaneous condition reported in several strains of rats that appears as nodular or diffuse thickening of the pinna by granulomatous inflammation of fibrochondrous to chondroosseous tissue (Chiu 1991; Kitagaki et al. 2003). Differential diagnoses include chondrolysis and neoplasms.
Modern Pharmacognostic Investigation of Harmal
Published in Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen, Harmal, 2017
Ephraim Shmaya Lansky, Shifra Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen
Shang et al. (2016) on the other hand, chose a true pest, Psoroptes cuniculi, commonly known as the rabbit ear mite, causing havoc in many other domestic animals and of course generating economic losses. They employed microwave extraction of P. harmala seeds to produce an extract, fractionated it by chromatography, and found the extract and the principal components (peganine, harmine, harmaline) acaricidal against P. cuniculi (Figure 7.11).
A single subcutaneous administration of a sustained-release ivermectin suspension eliminates Psoroptes cuniculi infection in a rabbit farm
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Mengmeng Lu, Yunpeng Cai, Shizhuang Yang, Qiang Wan, Baoliang Pan
Ear mite infection was confirmed by direct observation of viable mites in all animals by microscopic examination of crusts from the ears (Figure 2). The lesion scores from the two ears of 27 rabbits and the number of mites are shown in Table 2. The mean lesion scores of the two ears were remarkably reduced from 4.33 to 0.11 (left ear), and from 4.22 to 0.22 (right ear). The mean number of MPG of crusts in the right ear was 2668.07 ± 923.30 on day 0, whereas no mites were detected in the ear of the 27 rabbits on day 14, indicating that all ear mites were eliminated. On day 60, no mite was found in treated rabbits.